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Goal (a) preparative work: to purify (or partial purify) component (drugs, fuel, metals, chemical feedstocks) 特徵 : continuous operation; large in scale, etc. (b) analytical goals: to generate information about the mixture; to eliminate the interference component for measurement. Ch. 2 Basic concepts of separations Giddings, J.C.; Unified Separation Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1991.
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分離的分類(以物質狀態): 固體 - 固體混合物: 固體 - 液體混合物: 固體 - 氣體混合物: 液體 - 液體混合物: 氣體 - 氣體混合物: 分離的分類(以方法): 利用大小的差異:利用靜電作用力: 利用相的變化:其他分離方法 : 利用化學性親和力: 利用色層分離:
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Complete separation (a+b+c+d)→(a)+(b)+(c)+(d) Partial separation (a+b+c+d)→(a+b)+(b+a) 熱力學上的限制: (a) + (b) + (c) + (d) (a+b+c+d) (mixing) (a) (a) (diffusion)
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分離須進行搬運的動作 ( 包含兩部分 ) Bulk flow displacement 無分離作用 ( 壓力、重力、離心力、電力 ) Relative displacement 具分離作用
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Driving force of relative displacement: Eq.` (1)Molecular equilibrium in a closed system 1st law : 2nd law : Gibbs free energy :
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(2) Molecular equilibrium in open system μ : chemical potential
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Two open system α,β (α,β) : a closed system at eq., T, P constant
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(K : partition coefficient) at eq.
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Intermolecular force Ionic force Non-ion molecular interaction (1) dipole - dipole (2) dipole - induced dipole (3) induced dipole - induced dipole (4) H – bonding
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