1. Brooks Range, AK HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations 2009 (“HIPPO”) Steven C. Wofsy and the HIPPO Science Team Global CH 4 Global fine-grained data: what is observed, why it is important

3. HIPPO_1: 1 st Global Mission 09 – 30 January 2009 46 000 km; 135 Vertical Profiles HIPPO_2: 2 nd Global Mission 31 Oct.—21 Nov. 2009 58 000 km; 150 Vertical Profiles NCAR Gulfstream V Funding: National Science Foundation NOAA, NASA, Harvard 1 Regional (N. Am, “Pre-HIPPO”) 5 global missions

4. HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation O 2 :N 2, CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, other GHGs, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps) O 3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O 3 T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etc Black Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2 H 2 O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL CO, CH 4, N 2 O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF 6, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s) CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO O 3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O 3 CO 2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO 2 O 2 :N 2, CO 2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2 CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne—HAIS QCLS

5. Shadow of the Earth visualized by ice crystals over the Alaska range. Pago Pago, Samoa ITCZ

6. January 15, 2009 000 UTC

8.  O 2 :N 2 per Meg Carbon Cycle: CO 2, O 2 and N 2 on HIPPO_1 Keeling, Stephens, Bent, Shertz

10. Dichloromethane Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS) Ethyne (C 2 H 2 ) Whole – Air Samples : Broad Range of Species, Questions E. Atlas, S. Montzka

11. SF 6 UCATS HIPPO_1 January 2009 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 0 5000 10000 15000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 NOAA GMD: Moore, Elkins, Hurst

12. Stratospheric influence: NOAA CSD and GMD—Gao, Elkins et al.

13. 80N latitude, 160W (north of Barrow) 04 Nov 2009

14. HIPPO_2: Pollution from Asia covered a vast area of the Arctic on 02 Nov 2009

16. Urban plumes (Dallas, Houston): 500-600 ng/kg Continental "Background": 50-100 (USA) Schwartz et al., 2008)

17. CO and Black Carbon in the Polar Atmosphere, HIPPO_2: Nov. 2009 Kort, Daube, Spackman, Gao, Fahey

18. "HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations" (HIPPO) Intensive aircraft measurements provide a unique perspective on the distributions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases, O 2 :N 2 ratio, halocarbons, black carbon, and ozone, challenging global models and giving new insights into how to use long-term station data and aircraft flask collections to characterize global distributions. Sharp latitudinal gradients are observed, strongly distinguished according to lifetime and marked by boundaries between polar, mid- latitude, subtropical, and equatorial air. Vertical gradients were weak in January, but in November, strong inverted gradients revealed global scale layers of pollutant gases and aerosols, concentrated far above the surface. HIPPO data quantitatively describe effects of global scale transport that must be simulated for accurate inverse analysis of sources and sinks. The data show the locations of global inputs of many species from distinct sources including tropical and Southern oceans, that are difficult to observe any other way.