1. Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Tampere, Finland Liang Jing Liang Jing p 01_12 25.02.2003

2. Introduction to the Problem Time pressure conditioning and user performance [1, 9] Decision making under different time conditions [4, 3] Decision making and ergonomic aspects of the subjective time [2, 5] Liang Jing p 02_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions

3. Background The time duration of key pressing is one way to allot dual functions on a single key. (mobile phones, the mode for input the same character is used in mobile phones Excessive delay of information sharing will deteriorate the quality of distributed decision making and cause emotional arousal (e.g. annoyance and anger, or lose their patience.) Working without any delay will lead to stress and increased mental workload to users [10] Liang Jing p 03_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions

4. Objectives in General Research the strategy and features of localization behaviour under time pressure To study different situations and dynamics of user activity, stipulated by temporal parameters of the computer environment Designing of techniques for evaluation of user behavior under time pressure conditions How to reduce the complexity of the decision-making and to save time in urgent conditions Liang Jing p 04_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions

5. Research Method To study different situations and dynamics of user activity, stipulated by temporal parameters of software environment. Usability evaluation of user activity under different time conditions and communication with computer through typing on virtual keyboard – limited time of a choice per character cyclic text entry (single-button manipulation) – temporal window Liang Jing p 05_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions

6. Text Entry Testing Experimental Setup: Software should provide: virtual keyboard and possibility to control by temporal parameters: waiting time* per character reaction time errors counting IBM PC Sound output Mouse input Liang Jing p 06_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions * http://unipen.nici.kun.nl/7th.iwfhr.2000/proceedings/pdf/poster-001-GarethLoudon.pdfhttp://unipen.nici.kun.nl/7th.iwfhr.2000/proceedings/pdf/poster-001-GarethLoudon.pdf

7. Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions Liang Jing p 07_12 25.02.2003 Cyclic Synthesis Experimental Setup: Software should provide: special input techniques through single-button manipulation and possibility to control by temporal parameters: waiting time* per segment reaction time errors counting IBM PC Sound output

8. Schedule ActivityTimeResults Usability testing 01/03-16/03Data Data analysis 16/03-26/03Test results Writing project report 16/03-26/03Project paper draft Revising 27/03-31/03Final paper Liang Jing p 08_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions

9. Test Plan Cyclic Synthesis Test Entry testing Test User8 users Waiting time/mouse input 5 trials 3 expos. Totally Task8*3*5=120 Test User8 users Segment Exposition 5 trials 3 expos. Totally Task8*3*5=120 Liang Jing p 09_12 25.02.2003

10. Expected Results Liang Jing p 10_12 25.02.2003 Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions Dynamics for user performance under time pressure conditioning will be evaluated through two techniques and the next parameters: reaction time per character or segment a number of errors

11. Prospective applications Understanding of the phenomenon of changing the subjective time Typing under time pressure /predictive systems (T9, Dasher) Time required (difference) between visual response and audio response Algorithms and methods for detection of individual temporal parameters during designing process of dynamic multimodal interfaces Adaptive interaction techniques for people with special needs Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions Liang Jing p 11_12 25.02.2003

12. Reference 1.Amold, V., Hayne, S., Smith, C., and Sutton, S. 1996. Audio Group Decision Making: The Impact of time Pressure and Group Support Systems, working paper. 2.Andrews, F. M. and G. F. Farris, 1972, Time pressure and performance of scientists and engineers: a five-year panel study, Organisational Behaviour and Human Performance, 8, 2, October, 185-200. Evreinov, G., Raisamo, R. Cyclic Input of Characters through a Single Button Manipulation.. In Proc. of the 8 th Int. Conf. on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2002, Linz, Austria, 15-20 July. J.Klaus, K.Miesenberger, W. L. Zagler (Eds.), LNCS Vol. 2398, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002, pp. 259-266. Hayne, S. and Smith, C.A.P. Decision-Making Under Time Pressure: An investigation of decision speed and decision quality of computer supported groups. AIS Conference, 1996. Available at: http://www.speedofheat.com/hayne/time/ais96_tp.pdf http://www.speedofheat.com/hayne/time/ais96_tp.pdf Mann, L. and Tan, Ch. The Hassled Decision Maker: The Effects of Perceived Time Pressure on Information Processing in Decision Making. Australian Journal of Management, V. 18(2) December, 1993, The University of New South Wales, Available at: http://www.agsm.unsw.edu.au/eajm/9312/mann.htmlhttp://www.agsm.unsw.edu.au/eajm/9312/mann.html Matiasek, J., Baroni, M. and Trost, H. FASTY – A Multi-lingual Approach to Text Prediction. In Proc. of the 8 th Int. Conf. on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2002, Linz, Austria, 15-20 July. J.Klaus, K.Miesenberger, W. L. Zagler (Eds.), LNCS Vol. 2398, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002, pp. 243-250. Wu Jing-Ling, Nobuki, O. and Sakai, Y. Human Characteristic on Phase Discrimination between Visual and Auditory Sine-Wave Stimuli. Available at: http://www.sccs.chukyo-u.ac.jp/ICCS/olp/o1-11/o1-11.htmhttp://www.sccs.chukyo-u.ac.jp/ICCS/olp/o1-11/o1-11.htm Zagler, W.I. Matching Typing Persons and Intelligent Interfaces. In Proc. of the 8 th Int. Conf. on Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2002, Linz, Austria, 15-20 July. J.Klaus, K.Miesenberger, W. L. Zagler (Eds.), LNCS Vol. 2398, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002, p. 242. Fabre, J., Howard, S. and Smith, R. Designing time at the user interface. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2000, Vol. 19(6), 451-463. Billard, E.A. and Pasquale, J.C. Effects of Periodic Communication on Distributed Decision-Making, IEEE Int. Conf. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, New York, 1993. (cit. on Wang, E., Caldwell, B and Zhang, K. Time Delay Tolerance in Computer Supported Cooperative Work. In Proc. of WWDU 2002 – World Wide Work, Berchtesgaden, May 22-25, 2002. Germany. p. 199.) Text Input Under Time Pressure Conditions Liang Jing p 01_12 25.02.2003