1. Notes 09/16 Class 03: Latin America GEO105: World Regional Geography Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography

2. 2 Global Tectonics Lecture slide 2

3. 3 Subduction Lithosphere Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Lecture slide 3

4. 4 Caribbean Tectonics Lithosphere Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Lecture slide 4

5. 5 Range of Central American Volcanoes Lithosphere Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Lecture slide 5

6. 6 Seismic Danger Lecture slide 6

7. 7 Landforms of Latin America Figure 8.3: Physical regions and landforms of Latin America (p. 346) Lecture slide 7

8. 8 Climate regions Figure 8.7: Climate regions of Latin America (p. 352) Lecture slide 8

9. 9 Atmospheric Circulation Figure 2.8: Atmospheric Circulation (p. 41) Lecture slide 9

10. 10 Atmospheric Circulation – Central America Lecture slide 10

11. 11 Orographic Rainfall Figure 2.9: Orographic rainfall on a trade wind coast (p. 42) Lecture slide 11

12. 12 Altitudinal Zonation Figure 8.8: Altitudinal zonation (p. 353) Lecture slide 12

13. 13 Pre-Columbia Civilizations Figure 8.13: Maya, Aztec, and Inca adaptations to environment (p. 358) Lecture slide 13

14. 14 Languages Figure 8.20: Languages of Latin America (p. 373) Lecture slide 14

15. 15 Voyages of Discovery (Conquest) Figure 8.14: Colonial voyages and the Treaty of Tordesillas (p. 359) Lecture slide 15

16. 16 Spanish World Empire Lecture slide 16

17. 17 Spanish Trade Routes Lecture slide 17

18. 18 Colonial Pacific Trade Routes Lecture slide 18

19. 19 Caribbean Trade Routes Lecture slide 19

20. 20 Colonial Shipping Lecture slide 20

21. 21 Iberian Imperial Structure 8.1: Latin America Lecture slide 21

22. 22 Imperial Differences English (United States) –Common law (jury) –Protestant –Agricultural –No inter-marriage w/ Native Americans French (Canada) –Roman law –Catholic –Interior trade. Settlement only: coasts, St. Lawrence, Louisiana, Illinois –Generally tolerant view of First Nations Spanish (Latin America) –Catholic –Army / Church / Merchants –Convert the Indians to Christianity –Lots of inter-marriage Lecture slide 22

23. 23 Break 8.18: Population Distribution of Latin America 1995 Lecture slide 23

24. 24 Review Questions Mapping Exercise 2: Mapping Ecosystems –Textbook maps (8.1 (343), 8.3 (346), 8.7 (352)) 393: U4 “How did the Spanish organize their colonies? What were the two main forms of agriculture? What role did encomienda, repartimiento, and slavery play? What exports to Spain?” 393: G2 “During the colonial era, how did racial, ethnic and class distinctions divide Latin American societies?” Mapping Exercise 1: Mapping Ethnic and Racial Composition –Textbook, map 8.1 (343), table 8.1 (370) Lecture slide 24

25. 25 Ethnic and Racial Composition p. 370 Lecture slide 25

26. 26 Mapping Exercise 1 Map 8.3, p. 58 Lecture slide 26

27. 27 Slave Triangle Figure 6.14: The slave trade (p. 249) Lecture slide 27

28. 28 Slave Flow, by Century Figure 6.14: The slave trade (p. 249) Lecture slide 28

29. 29 African Diaspora estimated slave imports –during whole period of Atlantic slave trade –Thousands (000s) scale –1:75 000 000 estimated % of population entirely or partially of African descent Lecture slide 29

30. 30 African Diaspora, Caribbean estimated slave imports –during whole period of Atlantic slave trade –thousands estimated % of population entirely or partially of African descent Lecture slide 30

31. 31 U.S. South – ‘Jim Crow’ Laws Legalized Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) –“separate but equal” –Homer Plessy 1/8 black –Sitting in ‘White’ RR Car Lecture slide 31

32. 32 Latin America castas Euro-American –peninsulares (Iberian) –criollos (whites born in the Americas) mestizo: white (European) and American Indian –Originally applied to Phillipines, Malays mulatto: (Spanish / African) zambo: (African / Indian) Example of Brazil –Slaves finally freed in 1888 (the Lei Áurea) –“Racial democracy” –Racial correlation of favelas (p. 384) with African descendents Lecture slide 32

33. 33 New Colonial Powers: U.K. and U.S. Rebellion from Spain, 1820s U.S. : Monroe Doctrine, 1823 U.K.: de facto economic hegemon U.S. Worldview, 1900 (this map) Lecture slide 33

34. 34 U.S. Interventions in Latin America (Also see Figure 8.16: U.S. interventions in Latin America (p. 365) Lecture slide 34

35. 35 Panama (p. 389) Lecture slide 35

36. 36 Review Physical Hazards –Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Hurricanes, El Niño (ENSO) Legacy of Colonialism –Spanish / British / America Trade –Export crops OR local consumption? –Global or regional trade (WTO or NAFTA?) Race –The “Red, White, and Black Continent” –Economic consequences Lecture slide 36

37. 37 Debt, Trade, and Migration Developing country debt Export goods Global trade –hope and disappointment Migration 8.19: Major migration streams in Latin America (p. 372) Lecture slide 37

38. 38 Next Week Research Project –Two-paragraph summary of your study area Reading –Chapter 11: 492-537 Review –p. 535: Testing Your Understanding: 4, 5, 7, 10 –p. 536: Thinking Geographically: 1, 5 Map Workbook: –p. 84-5 (use map on pages 87). Mapping Exercise 1: "Geopolitical Conflict," 1-5 Web Page: –classes.maxwell.syr.edu/geo105_f04/class_notes/ 04-Review.htm Lecture slide 38