1. Homework 2 p. 136 – Ex. 10c p. 139 – Ex. 24 p. 142 – Ex. 33

2. Phonological Rules /Phonemic representation/ ↓ Phonological rules ↓ [Phonetic representation] Phonological rules are responsible for the mapping between the phonemic and phonetic (AKA allophonic) levels.

3. topstop littlekitten [t h ɑp][stɑp][ lɪɾl ̩][kɪʔn̩] /t/ [t h ] [t] [ɾ] [ʔ] phoneme  allophones 

4. How to solve a phonology problem Some diagnostic tests… 1. Minimal pairs are our test for contrastive distribution (allophones of different phonemes) 2. Predictability is our test for complementary distribution (allophones of the same phoneme)

5. Phonological Rules Account for predictable properties of pronunciation Have 3 parts: –A) sound(s) that undergo the rule –B) result of the rule –C) environment where the rule applies A  B / C “A becomes B in the environment C”

6. Japanese [s] and [ ʃ ] [sas ɯ ]‘point’ [ ʃ iki]‘seasons’ [sedai]‘generation’ [onse ː ]‘sound’ [m ɯʃ i]‘bug’ [so ʃ iki]‘organization’ [s ɯ ]‘vinegar’

7. Japanese [s] and [ ʃ ] [sas ɯ ]‘point’ [ ʃ iki]‘seasons’ /s/ > [ ʃ ] / [i] /s/ > [s] / elsewhere

8. Tagalog [d] & [ ɾ ] [datiŋ]‘arrive’ [dumi]‘dirt’ [ma ɾ ami]‘be many’ [lakad]‘walk’ [da ɾ atiŋ]‘will arrive’ [gilda]girl’s name [matanda]‘be old’ [ma ɾ umi]‘be dirty’

9. Tagalog [d] & [ ɾ ] [dumi]‘dirt’ [ma ɾ umi]‘dirty’ /d/ > [ ɾ ] / V V /d/ > [d] / elsewhere

10. Mandarin [æ] & [ ɑ ] 1. [pæn] 班 ‘class’ 2. [p ɑ ŋ] 幫 ‘help’ / ɑ / > [æ] / [n] / ɑ / > [ ɑ ] / elsewhere

11. Why is the default [ ɑ ] and not [æ]? => [ ɑ ] occurs in the less predictable environments. [p ɑ ]‘eight’

12. Mandarin syllables (C) V (C) V /ŋ/ (C) V /n/ [æ] occurs on in the last one and is predictable.

13. Natural classes A group of sounds, which have a particular feature (or combination of features) in common, that are treated as a group by the phonology => Alveolar consonants => Front vowels => Fricatives => Voiced consonants

14. Assimilation One sounds becomes similar to (acquires a feature of) a sound near it. I can ask.[kæn æsk] I can see.[kæn si] I can bake.[kæm be ɪ k] I can go.[kæŋ go ʊ ]

15. nasal stop => bilabial / labial cons nasal stop => velar / velar cons nasal stop => alveolar / everywhere else The nasal stop acquires the place feature of the following consonant.

16. Wug Test wugs“s”=[z] zeeds“s”=[z] slets“s”=[s] hiffs“s”=[s] /s/ => voiced / voiced ___

17. Solving Phonology Problems 1. Look at environments to find natural classes. 2. Look to see if environments overlap. 3. State generalizations.

18. 4. Determine identity of the phonemes and their allophones Which is the basic and which is the restricted allophone(s)? –Basic: Assumed to be the phoneme that undergoes the rule Occurs in wider, more complex set of environments –Restricted (‘derived’) Predicted to be the outcome of the rule Occurs in simplest set of environments

19. Korean [l] & [ ɾ ] 1. [ ɾ ubi]‘ruby’9. [pal]‘arm’ 2. [sa ɾ am]‘person’10. [ ɾ atio]‘radio’ 3. [mul]‘water’ 4. [ilgop]‘seven’ 5. [ki ɾ i]‘road’ 6. [ibalsa]‘barber’ 7. [i ɾ umi]‘name’ 8. [səul]‘Seoul’

20. Summary 1) List the phonetic environments 2) State the environments in terms of natural classes 3) Are the environments the same or non- overlapping? –Same: Contrastive distribution (allophones of different phonemes) e.g., [i] vs. [u] –Non-overlapping: Complementary distribution (allophones of the same phoneme) 4) Identify the basic vs. restricted allophone(s)