1. Kingdoms and Trading states of africa
Chapter 11
Kingdoms and Trading states of africa

2. Locate the following on pg. 342
Atlas Mountains
Sahara Desert
Great Rift Valley
Mt. Kilamanjaro
Nile River
Niger River
Lake Victoria
Kalahari Desert
Strait of Gibraltar
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
Shade in:
Rain Forest
Savannah
Desert
Mediterranean
Dry woodland
Mark: Bantu Migrations
Gulf of Aden
Mediterranean Sea
Arabian Peninsula
Congo River

3. Know Your Geography! Savanna: Grassy Plains Sahara: GIANT desert
Rain Forest
Mediterranean
Dry Woodland
What do you think happened in early Africa due to so much biological diversity?

4. Bantu Migrations Look at the Bantu migrations on your map
Where did they go?
West African farmers and herders who migrated south and east between about 1000 B.C.E. and 1000 C.E.
Spoke Bantu language
Spread their knowledge about farming, ironworking, domesticating animals
Bantu influence is still around

5. Nubia About 2700 B.C.E., civilization along the Nile was growing
Traded with Egypt, incorporated a lot of Egyptian culture, modeled their society on Egyptians
Eventually had to leave their region in Egypt and return south when Assyrians took over Egypt

6. Rise and fall of culture
Rich in iron!
Powerful tools, lots of wood
Once controlled the Nile’s trade routes as well the route from the Red Sea to North Africa
This made them rich!
Gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, slaves were traded with Mediterranean and Southwest Asia
Eventually the Kingdom of Axum took over

7. North Africa gets invaded a lot
So close to the Mediterranean—who is nearby?
Carthage was a major trading city, until the Punic Wars
After Punic Wars, Rome took over North Africa. Built roads, aqueducts, dams, cities
Also spread Christianity, used Africans for Roman soldiers
Islam spreads into North Africa

8. Islam in Africa
In the 690s, C.E. Muslims conquered and occupied North Africa. By the 700s, they had completely conquered the Berbers, a nomadic people.
Gradually replaced Christianity with Islam, and Arabic replaced Latin as the language
Cairo, Fez, Marrakesh became famous for their beautiful mosques and huge universities.
Muslim traders brought Islam from the North to West Africa

10. Map trade Routes and Kingdoms of Africa (349)
Shade and date:
Egypt
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Ethiopia
Songhai
Draw: 5 major trade routes (pick 5 from map)
Mediterranean Sea
Niger River
Gao
Timbuktu
Benin City
Great Zimbabwe
Mogadishu
Cairo
Mecca
Venice
Fez
Marrakesh

11. Salt and Gold trade across Sahara
Salt was very rare in most of Africa, but was highly valued
Need salt to retain water, preserve food
Sahara had lots of salt
Western Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal) had almost no salt, but lots of gold

13. Kingdom of Ghana—800 C.E.-1050 C.E.
Had lots of gold, would trade a pound of gold for a pound of salt (until 1350, 60% of the gold in the world came from Ghana)
Theocracy
Traded with Muslim merchants from North Africa
Muslims introduced written language, coins, business methods
Some (not all) adopted Islam
In 1050, Almoravids (North African Muslims) invaded and weakened Ghana
Eventually were taken over by Mali Kingdom

14. Kingdom of mali
Mansa Musa was the strongest ruler of Mali, came to power in 1312 C.E.
He spread control of gold and salt regions, and became very wealthy
Where trade routes intersected, big cities like Timbuktu arose

15. Mansa Musa Promoted peace
He conquered a lot of regions, and converted eventually to Islam, based much of his law on the Quran
Did not force Islam on his people, but promoted religious freedom and tolerance
In 1324, made the hajj to Mecca, and started good relationships with other Muslim states

16. Mansa Musa Devout Muslim Built mosques in Timbuktu
Education from all over:
Judges
Doctors
Religious leaders
Scholars
Proverb: Salt comes from the north, gold from the south, and silver from the country of the white men, but the word of God and the treasures of wisdom are only to be found in Timbuktu.

18. Songhai By 1400, Mali had grown weak
In 1460, the Songhai started to gain power, with a new capital in Gao
Developed along the Niger River
Did not initially adopt Islam, but later became an Islamic state in 1492
Had very organized government
Like Mansa Musa, leaders went to Mecca, formed good relationships and built mosques and schools to study the Quran

19. Invasions
Songhai was invaded by Moroccans who wanted to control the salt and gold trade
Songhai had no guns or new technology, and were quickly wiped out by the Moroccans
How did Moroccan Muslims get guns?
When Songhai fell, it was the end of 1,000 years of powerful kingdoms in West Africa

20. Moving to East Africa!

21. Axum Conquered Nubia around 350 C.E.
Extended from modern-day Ethiopia to the Red Sea
Axum were descendents of African farmers and Jewish traders  very unique culture
Extremely good location for trade: Red Sea and city of Axum
By 400 C.E., the kingdom controlled trade connecting Africa, India, the Mediterranean world

22. What did they trade? Enslaved people
Ivory, animal hides, gold, for iron, spices, precious stones, cotton
Ideas also spread:
The king of Axum made Christianity the official religion in the 300s.
Eventually Axum became isolated from the rest of the kingdoms around it. Why?
Axum eventually declined due to this isolation

23. Ethiopia
People in the region of Axum kept Christianity, and were united
Geographic isolation (mountains) helped them stay protected and helped develop a very unique culture
Underground churches still in Ethiopia today built into solid rock
Did keep ties with Holy Land: pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Christians in Egypt, still a Christian region today

26. After Axum
Many smaller kingdoms grew on the East Coast of Africa, trading with the rest of the Eastern Hemisphere (Arabia, Persia, China, India…)
Swahili developed as a need for communication arose between Africans and people from Arabia
“Swahili”  “of the coast”

27. Islamic Influences
Muslim traders brought Islam to the East African coast, and many wealthier and more powerful people were Muslim.
The majority of the people kept traditional religious beliefs
Slavery: Muslim traders exported enslaved people who had been kidnapped to Arabia, Persia and Iraq. Wealthy people bought slaves for domestic work
This was NOT like the slave trade into the Americas in the 1700s: only about 1,000 people were sold each year during this time

28. Southern Africa
Gold and Ivory trade helped people in southeast Africa grow wealthy and establish a big city around 1000 C.E. : Great Zimbabwe.
It depended on the gold trade
Powerful city: economic, political and religious center of its time
1450 C.E., it was abandoned

29. Mutapa:
A man named Mutota left Great Zimbabwe to find more salt, and founded a new city: Mutapa
Controlled most of Zimbabwe
Rich in gold, forced conquered people to mine for it
In the 1500s, Portugal tried to take the empire over, but failed.
Then Portugal tried to interfere with the politics to gain control
 signals increasing European interference in Africa