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1 SNAP and SPAN Barry Smith and Pierre Grenon University at Buffalo and Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (ifomis.de) University.

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Presentation on theme: "1 SNAP and SPAN Barry Smith and Pierre Grenon University at Buffalo and Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (ifomis.de) University."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 SNAP and SPAN Barry Smith and Pierre Grenon University at Buffalo and Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (ifomis.de) University of Leipzig

2 2 Formal Ontology = domain-neutral Examples of categories: Substance, Process, Agent, Property, Relation, Location, Spatial Region Part-of, Boundary-of

3 3 Material Ontology = regional or domain-specific ontology, e.g. GeO Examples of categories: River, Mountain, Country, Desert … Resides-In, Is-to-the-West-of

4 4 Realist Perspectivalism There is a multiplicity of ontological perspectives on reality, all equally veridical and transparent to reality vs. Reductionism: “Only my preferred perspective on reality is veridical”

5 5 Realist Perspectivalism Perspectivalism: all views are ontologically admissible. Realist Perspectivalism: only those perspectives are admissible that are transparent to reality

6 6 Need for different perspectives Double counting: 3 apples on the table 7 x 10 16 molecules at spatial locations L1, L2 and L3 Not one ontology, but a multiplicity of complementary ontologies Cf. Quantum mechanics: particle vs. wave ontologies

7 7 Cardinal Perspectives Formal vs. Material Micro- vs. Meso- vs. Macro SNAP vs. SPAN

8 8 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO BFO = Basic Formal Ontology

9 9 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO MedO

10 10 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO MedOGeO

11 11 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO MedOGeOLexO

12 12 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO MedOGeOLexOMilO

13 13 A Network of Domain Ontologies BFO MedOGeOLexOMilOEcO

14 14 Cardinal Perspectives Formal vs. Material Ontologies Granularity (Micro vs. Meso vs. Macro) SNAP vs. SPAN

15 15 Granular Partitions

16 16 Ontological Zooming

17 17 Ontological Zooming folk geography land survey

18 18 Ontological Zooming both are transparent partitions of one and the same reality

19 19 Cardinal Perspectives Formal vs. Material Ontologies Granularity (Micro vs. Meso vs. Macro) Time: SNAP vs. SPAN

20 20 Substances and processes exist in time in different ways substance t i m e process

21 21 Snapshot vs. video substance t i m e process

22 22 Endurants and perdurants Substances and processes Continuants and occurrents In preparing an inventory of reality we keep track of these two different categories of entities in two different ways (stocks vs. flows)

23 23 Endurants vs. perdurants Endurants - have continuous existence in time - preserve their identity through change - exist in toto if they exist at all Perdurants - have temporal parts - unfold themselves through time - exist only in their phases/stages

24 24 Endurants vs. perdurants Substances vs. their lives

25 25 You are a substance Your life is a process You are 3-dimensional Your life is 4-dimensional

26 26 Substances do not have temporal parts The first 5-minute phase of my existence is not a temporal part of me It is a temporal part of that complex process which is my life

27 27 How do you know whether an entity endures or perdures?

28 28 SNAP vs. SPAN 1.SNAP: a SNAPshot ontology of endurants existing at a time 2.SPAN: a four-dimensionalist ontology of processes

29 29 Three kinds of SNAP entities 1.Substances 2.SPQR… entities 3.Spatial regions, Contexts, Niches

30 30 SPQR… entities States, powers, qualities, roles …

31 31 Other SPQR… entities: functions, dispositions, plans, shapes SPQR… entities are all dependent on substances relations

32 32 Examples of simple SNAP ontologies 1 space

33 33 Examples of simple SNAP ontologies 2

34 34 Examples of simple SNAP ontologies 3

35 35 each SNAP section through reality includes everything which exists at the corresponding now

36 36 Many SNAP Ontologies t1t1 t3t3 t2t2 here time exists outside the ontology, as an index or time-stamp

37 37 The SPAN Ontology t i m e

38 38 here time exists as part of the domain of the ontology The SPAN ontology

39 39 t i m e campaign The SPAN ontology

40 40 They are windows on just that portion of reality which is visible through the given ontology ( … Pat Hayes … ) SNAP and SPAN ontologies are partial only (Realist perspectivalism)

41 41 SNAP: Entities existing in toto at a time

42 42 Three kinds of SNAP entities 1.Substances 2.SPQR… entities 3.Spatial regions, Contexts, Niches

43 43

44 44

45 45 SNAP

46 46 SPAN: Entities extended in time

47 47 SPAN: Entities extended in time

48 48 SPAN: Entities extended in time

49 49 Rule: Respect Granularity spatial regionqualitysubstance parts of spatial regions are always spatial regions

50 50 Respect Granularity spatial regionqualitysubstance parts of substances are always substances

51 51 Respect Granularity spatial regionqualitysubstance parts of qualities are always qualities

52 52 Respect Granularity process parts of processes are always processes

53 53 Relations crossing the SNAP/SPAN border are not part- relations John’s life substance John physiological processes sustaining in existence

54 54 Parts of processes (1) c c: boundary a a a: scattered part b b: temporal slice

55 55 Parts of processes (2) a a: sub-process b b: phase

56 56 Relations between SNAP and SPAN SNAP-entities participate in processes; they have lives, histories.

57 57 SPQR… entities and their SPAN realizations the expression of a function the exercise of a role the execution of a plan the realization of a disposition the application of a therapy

58 58 SPQR… entities and their SPAN realizations function role plan disposition therapy SNAP

59 59 SPQR… entities and their SPAN realizations expression exercise execution realization application SPAN

60 60 Temporal Co-Incidence x y SNAP-t At time t, colony of bacteria in the throat. time SPAN Migration of a colony of bacteria from the mouth to the small intestine. B

61 61 Participation x y substances x, y participate in process B time B x y SNAP-t i. time SPAN B

62 62 Projections process material regionspatial region participants spatio-temporal region SNAP t i SPAN

63 63 SNAP-SPAN relations (3) Ontological dependence. Some forms of participation: -initiation, termination -creation, destruction -sustenance, degradation

64 64 Ontology for Geographical Information Science

65 65 GeO

66 66 An adequate ontology of geography has to have those three components: 1. SNAP 2. FIELD 3. SPAN

67 67 SNAP GeO

68 68 An adequate ontology of geography has to have those three basic categories: 1. Geographical Objects 2. Geographical Attributes 3. Places, Niches, Environments

69 69 FIELD GeO

70 70 An adequate ontology of geography has to have those three categories: 1. Fields 2. Fields Attributes 3. Spatial Regions

71 71 SPAN GeO

72 72 An adequate ontology of geography has to have those two categories: 1. Processual Entities 2. Space-Time Worms

73 73 Relations in GeO Of course, all the Basic Formal Relations obtain here. There are GeO specific relations or GeO specifics forms of Basic Formal Relations.

74 74 Relations in GeO Forms of geo-spatial location -orientation (east of, etc.) -field elements -geographical location (projection on Earth's surface, 2-D) -geo-spatial location (with considerations of altitude, 3-D) Relations defined based on participation in specific geographical processes.

75 75 Geo Location ground, 2d-location underground, 3d-location above ground, 3-d location

76 76 Relations between SNAP and SPAN (and FIELD) in GeO

77 77 Geographical Changes Some types of processes: -Movements (location change) -Substantial Change -Property Change

78 78 Movement from location x ends begins movement to location y

79 79 begins movement from location x to location y ends Moving Outside

80 80 Initiation Destruction

81 81 Creation a process P t1 a region of space R where P is ongoing R Snap-t1

82 82 Creation P t1 R Snap-t1 t2>t1 R Snap-t2 P initiates a, a's birth at t2 a's life (overlaps P)

83 83 Property change

84 84 Scenario


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