1. Schistosomiasis pvrireview.org/articles/2009/1/1

2. Largely Neglected Tropical Disease 200 million infected WW 20 million, severely 280,000 deaths annually wga.hu

3. Quick Background/Terminology Class: Trematode Genus: Schistosoma Species: 3 infect humans – S. mansoni – S. haematobium – S. Japonicum Terminology of lifecycle – Miracidia – Cercariae – Schistosomulae – eggs X 3500/day

4. path.cam.ac.uk treehugger.com dpd.cdc.gov path.cam.ac.uk X 3500/day Lifecycle

5. First rash, then flu-like symptoms Initial Infection Dermatitis Severe Infections/Without Treatment Anemia Human G&D Impairment Cognitive Dysfunction Delayed Growth and Stunting Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Bladder Cancer Death emedicine.medscape.com/ path.cam.ac.uk Fever Chills Cough Muscle Aches 6-10 weeks later

6. path.cam.ac.uk treehugger.com dpd.cdc.gov path.cam.ac.uk X 3500/day path.cam.ac.uk

7. 6-10 weeks after rash… CBC: eosinophils Definitive: Microscopy Seriologies PCR

8. Is schistosomiasis really a curse? Population density, movements, and growth: Paradox of success? Humans’ altering of their environment …

9. … Anthropogenic Land Use The Volta Project in Ghana that trashed the Volta: …. and the Aswan High Dam scheme in Egypt: thecommonwealth.org geogonline.org.uk books.google.com

10. Treatment isn’t as simple as a pill Anti-helminths: Praziquantel: 10 cents Vaccine in development but will be expensive Plants/Herbs—problem discount-pet-superstore.com thesynapticleap.org dragonmoon.ca

11. We really need a better approach… instead of a pill-centric ideology “people’s war against the snail” Education campaigns Manpower fecal exams /stern sanitation Drugs books.google.com

12. This effective measure used conservation medicine “Unprecedented levels of disease and ill health in many species, driven by increasing burden of anthropogenic environmental change.” (conservationmedicine.org)

13. Program based solely on drug delivery tufts.edu/vet/ccm drugsdirectory.net

14. References Hewlett BS & Cline BL (1997) Anthropological contributions to a community-based schistosomiasis control project in northern Cameroon. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2, A25–36. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999469-media King, C.H., Muchiri, E.M. and Ouma, J.H., 2000. Evidence against rapid emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6, pp. 585–594. Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Curtis Kariuki H, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 443–448 http://www.case.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Schistosomiasis.htm Madsen H, Bloch P, Phiri H, Kristensen TK, Furu P. 2001. Bulinus nyassanus is an intermediate host for Schistosoma haematobium in Lake Malawi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95:353- 360. http://www.path.cam.ac.uk/~schisto/schistosoma/schisto_lifecycle_cercaria.html http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69804&jid=JBS&volumeId=29&issueId=01&aid=69 803http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69804&jid=JBS&volumeId=29&issueId=01&aid=69 803 Dezowitz, Robert. New Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers: Tales of Parasits and People.