1. Global Patterns of Human Variation

2. Human Variation Can be examined genetically Can be examined phenotypically Are phenotypic differences concordant with genetic differences?

3. Eight classes of genetic Similarity enzyme & blood group loci Arrayed by increasing difference Distribution of eight classes of skin pigmentation intensity Concordance or discordance?

4. There IS geographic structuring of allele frequencies. Genetic distance map 42 native human populations 120 allele frequencies Closer proximity in graph = greater genetic similarity Related to geographic distances among the groups. PPPPPopu Populational differences

5. Average genetic differences Distance curtails gene flow among groups

6. Populational differences among human groups Today, human races are distinguished by ethnic differences – NOT – biological differences. – Differences in culture nationality language religion – Biologically, there is no Jewish race, no African race, no African-American race, etc. – But, biological differences may still be emphasized, even in sociology.