1. Degeneration, Decline & Race

2. Bénédict-Augustin Morel
Treatise on Physical, Intellectual and Moral Degeneration (1857)

3. “When the insane temperament has been developed in its most marked form, we must acknowledge that the hereditary predisposition has assumed the character of deterioration of race, and that the individual represents the beginning of a degeneracy which, if not checked by favourable circumstances, will go on increasing from generation to generation and end finally in the extreme degeneracy of idiocy. With the occurrence of idiocy there is happily the extinction of the degenerate variety, for with it come impotence and sterility.”
(Maudsley, Responsibility in Mental Disease, 1874 p.50)

4. Degenerate “Stigmata”
PHYSICAL: unequal development of two halves of the face and cranium, imperfections in the ear, squint eyes, harelips, a wolf-face, and irregularities of the teeth, stuttering, tremors, or tics, hermaphrodism, etc.
MENTAL: feeble-minded, idiots, or the eccentric, precocious, with one-sided talents, or the morally delinquent.

5. History of “Moral Insanity” Rationality more or less intact, but moral or feeling capacity impaired— asocial, often linked to criminal behavior
(1801) Phillippe Pinel: “mania without delirium”
(1835) James Cowles Prichard: coined term “moral insanity”
(1876) Henry Maudsley: “moral insanity” or “moral imbecility” linked to degeneration

6. HENRY MAUDSLEY ( )
founder of
Maudsley Hospital
“the Borderland”

7. Max Nordau
( )
Degeneration (1892)

8. CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909) Genius and Insanity L'uomo delinquente
(1864)
L'uomo delinquente
(Criminal Man) (1876)

9. Lombroso, The Man of Genius, 3rd. ed.p. 92
Wagner
Schopenhauer
Baudelaire
THE DEGENERATE GENIUS
Lombroso, The Man of Genius, 3rd. ed.p. 92

10. Relation of Average Monthly Temperature to admission
Works of genius
Relation of Average Monthly Temperature to admission
of lunatics to asylum and to production
of works of genius (Lombroso, Man of Genius)

11. "Cubists and Futurists Are Making Insanity Pay”
Henri Matisse
Vincent van Gogh
"Cubists and Futurists Are Making Insanity Pay”
New York Times, March 16, 1913

12. Guide to the Exhibition, Munich 1937
DEGENERATE “ART”
Guide to the Exhibition, Munich 1937

13. 1937 Munich Exhibit of “Degenerate Art”

14. Paul Klee
Runner at the Goal

15. Max Beckmann’s Paris Society

16. Cesare Lombroso, Album of Criminals Atavistic: evolutionary throwback

17. Lombroso’s
German & Italian
Criminals

18. Cesare Lombroso, The Female Offender (1893)

19. Galton’s Composites

20. Inquiries into Human Faculty
Francis Galton’s
Composite
Photographs
Francis Galton
Inquiries into Human Faculty
and its Development (1883)

21. Richard Dugdale, The Jukes: A Study in Crime,
Pauperism, Disease and Heredity (1877)
member of extended Juke Family
(from Estabrook papers, SUNY)

22. Charles Guiteau
NY Daily Graphic Jul 6, 1881

24. July 1881 “Struck Down at the Post of Duty” “Last Honors”
Harper's Weekly
October 1, 1881
July 1881 “Struck Down
at the Post of Duty”

25. Legal Definitions of Insanity
M’Naghten Rule (1843)—defendant was responsible if he knew the nature and consequences of his act, and that it was forbidden by law (cognitive test).
Irresistible Impulse (1887)—emotional inability to resist act (supplement to M’Naghten)
Durham rule (1954)—not criminally responsible if behavior is product of mental disease (product test).
Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984)—not guilty, if due to mental disease and was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of act. Shift of burden to defendant to prove insanity.

26. on March 30, 1981, following his arrest after shooting and
AFP/ Getty Images John Hinckley Jr. (L) escorted by police in Washington, D.C.
on March 30, 1981, following his arrest after shooting and
seriously wounding then U.S. president Ronald Reagan.