1. 1 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML: A data-centric perspective on Web services Omar Benjelloun INRIA Futurs With: Serge Abiteboul, Tova Milo, and many others. April 30 th, 2004

2. 2 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services Novel issues Exchanging Active XML data Querying Active XML data Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations Applications Conclusion

3. 3 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Introduction

4. 4 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Distributed data management in P2P Information is everywhere services XML services XML services XML services XML Internet Web service Web service Data warehouses Databases Web sites PC, PDA, cell phones, home appliances, cars…

5. 5 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML The golden triangle of distributed data management XML a standard for data representation & exchange Extensible Markup Language Labeled ordered trees Types: XML Schema / tree automata Query languages XPath, XQuery Web services standards for distributed computing SOAP, WSDL, UDDI Activation of methods on remote servers Many burgeoning standard proposals (Choreography, QoS, user interface, etc.) XQuery XPath XML SOAP WSDL

6. 6 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML What is Active XML (AXML)? AXML is a declarative language for distributed information management and an infrastructure to support this language, in a peer-to-peer framework.

7. 7 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML

8. 8 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML documents XML documents with embedded calls to Web services Intensional Some of the data is given explicitly Some is given intensionally (i.e. the means to acquire data when needed are given) Dynamic If the external sources change, the same document will provide different information Reaction to world changes

9. 9 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Not a new idea in databases, nor on the Web Mixing calls to data is an old idea Procedural attributes in relational systems Basis of Object-oriented Databases In Web programming Sun’s JSP, PHP+MySQL Calls to Web services inside documents Macromedia FLEX, Apache Jelly, Microsoft XAML What is new is the exploitation of the idea…

10. 10 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Web services in brief A number of standards XML SOAP: Exchange of messages between applications WSDL: Description of service interfaces (e.g. input/output types) UDDI: Advertisement and discovery of services … other proposed standards (choreography, security, etc.) For us: means to provide, invoke and describe remote functions with XML input/output. They make AXML documents universally understandable.

11. 11 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML A sample AXML document Le Monde 06/10/2003 Paris exhibits GetTemp city “Paris” newspaper title date “06/10/2003” “Le Monde” GetEvents “Exhibits” AXML documents may contain calls: to any existing Web services (e-bay.net, google.com…) to any AXML Web services (to be defined)

12. 12 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Materialization We will see later that: Replacing the call by its result is not the only option Calls are not necessarily RPC-style synchronous invocations Le Monde 06/10/2003 Paris exhibits GetTemp city “Paris” newspaper title date “06/10/2003” “Le Monde” GetEvents “Exhibits” Y! temp “16°C” SOAP call 16°C

13. 13 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML AXML Web services Parameters:AXML data Result:AXML data Distribute computations: by sending as parameters data containing service calls, one can delegate some work to other peers. Partial computations: by returning data containing service calls, one can give to the receiver the control of these calls. Great flexibility

14. 14 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Calling an AXML service Le Monde 06/10/2003 exhibits newspaper title date “06/10/2003” “Le Monde” GetEvents “Exhibits” 16°C exhibits GetExhibits “Paris” City T! temp “16°C” SOAP call (still…) Materialization is a recursive process Termination is an issue Paris

15. 15 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Organization Novel issues raised by the AXML language Exchange of AXML data Querying AXML data Supporting infrastructure AXML peers: –Management of persistent AXML data –Declarative AXML services Applications

16. 16 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Novel issues

17. 17 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services Novel issues Exchanging Active XML data (SIGMOD 2003) Querying Active XML data Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations Applications Conclusion

18. 18 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML To call or not to call ? GetEvents “Exhibits” newspaper title date “Le Monde” “06/10/2003” GetTemp city “Paris” temp “16°C” Y!  Materialization can be performed  by the sender, before sending a document…  or by the receiver, after receiving it. GetEvents “Exhibits” newspaper title date “Le Monde” “06/10/2003” GetTemp city “Paris” temp “16°C”

19. 19 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Why control the materialization of calls? For added functionality, e.g. Intensional data allows to get up-to-date information. For security reasons or capabilities, e.g. I don’t trust this Web service/domain, I don’t have the right credentials to invoke it, It costs money, Maybe the receiver doesn’t know Active XML! For performance reasons, e.g. A proxy can invoke all the services on behalf of a PDA. … and many more reasons you can think of!

20. 20 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML We extend XML Schema, with intensional types: XMLSchema int How to control it? Using types Static analysis algorithms use signatures of services: WSDL int... r g f q Capabilities ACL Cost... Sender data exchange Schema fq g Capabilities ACL Cost... Receiver g g g g g g q q q f f r r

21. 21 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Data: newspaper= title.date.(GetTemp|temp).(GetEvents|exhibit*) title= data date= data temp= data city= data exhibit= title.(GetDate|date) Functions: GetTemp(city)-> temp GetEvents(data)-> (exhibit|performance)* GetDate(title)-> date The extended schema language Rewriting: replace call(s) by an arbitrary output of the service. To simplify, we use here a DTD-like syntax GetTemp city “Paris” newspaper title date “06/10/2003” “Le Monde” GetEvents “Exhibits”

22. 22 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Rewritings The Goal: Given an intensional document d a schema s, Can we rewrite d so that it matches s? Safe rewriting: one that for sure leads to s (we know without making any call). Possible rewriting: one that may lead to s (depending on the answers of services).

23. 23 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Difficulties Infinite search space Vertical Horizontal Main problem The result of a Web service call is unknown, We just know a signature (input/output types) We want a very efficient solution. Foundations of the problem String & tree automata, with existential and universal transitions.

24. 24 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Results The general problem is undecidable [MSS03] Restrictions on the considered rewritings Left-to-right: No “going back and forth” K-depth: bound on the nesting of function calls (Search space still infinite but finitely representable) Under these restrictions We have algorithms to find safe/possible rewritings. They are PTIME (for deterministic schemas). We can also do it between schemas. Implementation demo at VLDB 2003 (customizable news syndication)

25. 25 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Safe rewriting algorithm Sketch Deal with function parameters first, Top-down traversal of the tree, For each data node: –rewrite its children (viewed as a word), –to match the target type (a regular expression) –using regular automata techniques, and smart marking.

26. 26 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Safe rewriting algorithm (2) Build an FSA that accepts all k-depth rewritings of the initial word. Build an FSA that recognizes the complement of the target type. GetEvents q1 title q6 date q2 q3 GetTemp q0 q4  q5  q7 exhibit performance   temp p0 p1 title p2 date p3 temp p4 GetEvents p6 * p5 exhibit * **** *

27. 27 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Safe rewriting algorithm (3) Compute the intersection of these languages: A smart marking determines whether a safe rewriting exists. Then run the word on the marked automaton to find an actual rewriting. Optimization: lazy construction of the automata  q0,p0 q1,p1q2,p2q3,p3q4,p4 q6,p3 q5,p2 q3,p6q7,p6 q4,p6 q7,p6 q7,p3q4,p3 q7,p5 q4,p5 title date temp GetEvents performance GetTemp performance exhibit      

28. 28 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services Novel issues Exchanging Active XML data Querying Active XML data (SIGMOD 2004) Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations Applications Conclusion

29. 29 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Querying AXML Data Given a (tree pattern) query: /newspaper[temp > 18°C]/exhibits//exhibit[location=“Le Louvre”] Materialize the document? Call only the services that may contribute data to the query answer. The problem: Lazy evaluation of service calls To call or not to call, this time when evaluating a query GetTemp city “Paris” newspaper title getDate “Le Monde” GetEvents “Exhibits” exhibits GetExhibits “Paris” City temp “19°C”

30. 30 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Lazy evaluation Difficulties: Calls can be found everywhere in the document May appear dynamically (as a result of previous calls) May become (ir)relevant due to previous invocations Need to take signatures of calls into consideration A possible approach: modify the query processor Top-down evaluation Trigger the calls found on the way Not so great: –Computation is blocked –Optimization opportunities are lost

31. 31 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Our solution Given a query to evaluate: Derive a set of “node-focused” queries (NFQ), that find the relevant calls when evaluated on the document. Need to be reevaluated, as the document evolves! newspaper temp > 18°C exhibits exhibit location “Le Louvre” newspaper temp > 18°C exhibits * * * Etc.

32. 32 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Optimizations Service calls sequencing Analysis of the relationship between calls (through the NFQ’s) Layering, and parallelization inside each layer. Refinement via type analysis Matching output types of services with data expected of queries “Pushing” queries to capable services Acceleration: Via relaxation: –NFQ approximation –Superset of the relevant calls Via a special access structure, similar to a DataGuide: –Restricted to paths that lead to service calls –Indexes the calls Experimental assessment 10x speed-up when combining optimizations

33. 33 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML peers

34. 34 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Distributed data management in P2P services XML services XML services XML services XML Web service Web service AXML

35. 35 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML What do we need from an AXML system ? Persistent, manageable, dynamic AXML data. Easy ways to define services Control of the exchanged data (parameters & results of service calls) Peer-to-peer architecture, where each AXML peer: Repository: manages persistent AXML data Client: uses (AXML) Web services Server: provides AXML services AXML peer soap

36. 36 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Global architecture query read update SOAP wrapper SOAP AXML peer S3 SOAP service SOAP client AXML peer S1 AXML peer S2 AXML XML AXML store service descriptions AXML engine Query engine

37. 37 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Implementation SUN’s Java SDK 1.4 (includes XML parser, XPath processor, XSLT engine) Apache Tomcat 4.1 servlet engine Apache Axis SOAP toolkit 1.1 X-OQL query processor, persistent DOM repository JSP-based Web user interface, using JSTL 1.0 standard tag library Also, a lightweight implementation for PDA/phone (J2ME, CLDC profile), used for [ABB03demo].

38. 38 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services New issues Exchanging Active XML data Querying Active XML data Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations Applications P2P auctions News syndication Other applications Conclusion

39. 39 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Managing persistent AXML data “Our newspaper should have its temperature information refreshed daily. New exhibits should be fetched every week and archived for 6 months” Service call results enrich the document (calls can be kept for possible future reuse) Main issues: When to activate a service call? What to do with its result?

40. 40 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML When to activate a service call? Explicit pull mode Daily, weekly, or after some event: e.g., when another call occurs This aspect of the problem is related to active databases Implicit pull mode Detect which intensional information (the service calls) may contribute to the answer of a query (lazy evaluation) This aspect of the problem is related to deductive databases Push mode Based on a query subscription; the service provider pushes information to the client (E.g., for synchronization purposes) This is related to stream and subscription queries

41. 41 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Managing service call results How long does the returned data remain valid? Just long enough to answer a query: Mediation 1 day, 1 week, … or unbounded: Caching / Warehousing Various portions of the document may follow different policies: Hybrid For repeated service call invocations: merge policy append, replace, Fusion (using XML Schema-like keys), Specific merge policies can be provided as Web services

42. 42 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Example: AXML document with control attributes Le Monde 06/10/2003 Paris exhibits

43. 43 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services Novel issues Exchanging Active XML data Querying Active XML data Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations Applications Conclusion

44. 44 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Declarative AXML services Services can be defined by queries or updates over the AXML documents of the repository (XQuery, XPath, Xupdate) Which (lazy) service calls may contribute to the answer? let service GetExhibitsByLocation($loc) be for $a in document(“newspaper.xml")/newspaper/exhibits, $b in $a//exhibit where $b@name=$loc return {$b}

45. 45 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Other means to define services Other programming languages: XSLT transformations (through Apache Xalan) Java classes (through Axis) Composition of existing services: BPEL4WS (through IBM’s BPEL4J implementation)

46. 46 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Active XML - Outline Introduction Active XML Active XML documents Active XML services New issues Exchanging Active XML data Querying Active XML data Active XML Peers The peer as a client The peer as a server Theoretical foundations (PODS 2004) Applications Conclusion

47. 47 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Theoretical foundations: Positive AXML Restricted framework Data model –set-based (unordered) AXML trees –Call results are accumulated in documents Services –Monotone –Positive: defined by conjunctive fragment of XQuery Results Well-defined (possibly infinite) fix-point semantics Termination, lazy evaluation… Connections to: Regular (infinite) trees, Query-Sub-Query [AM04],…

48. 48 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Applications

49. 49 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Demos Peer-to-peer auctions (VLDB 2002 demo) Discovery of new peers/auctions through intensional answers RSS News syndication (VLDB 2003 demo 1) Customization of services through schemas + news subscriptions Distributed workspaces (VLDB 2003 demo 2) Web warehousing (ECDL 2003 demo) A powerful framework for the fast development of distributed, data-centric applications.

50. 50 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Other applications E.dot, a dynamic warehouse on food risk management Use AXML as the platform for the warehouse definition, construction and maintenance Network configuration Use AXML exchange of information to configure hardware/software components Software distribution Use AXML to customize distributions and keep your view of the software fresh Decentralized user profile/patient data management Use AXML to coordinate the integration of data, and privacy enforcement services in a uniform way

51. 51 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Conclusion

52. 52 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML AXML documents and services A simple paradigm… …that allows for new, powerful features. Intensional parameters and results: AXML documents can be exchanged Support for continuous services (streams of answers) Control over the exchange of AXML data Issues Control of call activation via typing, Lazy evaluation, Replication and distribution, Security, Mobility, Termination, Implementation, Foundations, …

53. 53 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Current/Future work Security and privacy (with Bell Labs) Editor/browser plug-in for AXML Mass storage XML DB (with Xyleme Corp.) P2P infrastructure …

54. 54 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML To know more… http://purl.org/net/axml Implementation becomes open-source Already available for research Will be released publicly very soon. Selected publications S.Abiteboul, O. Benjelloun, T. Milo: Positive Active XML, PODS, 2004. S.Abiteboul, O. Benjelloun, B. Cautis, I. Manolescu, T. Milo, N. Preda: Lazy Query Evaluation for Active XML, SIGMOD, 2004. T. Milo, S. Abiteboul, B. Amann, O. Benjelloun, F. Dang Ngoc: Exchanging Intensional XML Data, SIGMOD, 2003 (full version to appear in TODS). S. Abiteboul, O. Benjelloun, I. Manolescu, T. Milo, R. Weber: Active XML: A Data-Centric Perspective on Web Services (book chapter), In Web Dynamics, Springer, 2004. S. Abiteboul, A. Bonifati, G. Cobena, I. Manolescu, T.Milo: Dynamic XML Documents with Distribution and Replication, SIGMOD, 2003

55. 55 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Merci

56. 56 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML

57. 57 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Extra slides

58. 58 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Asynchronous/Continuous services The client subscribes and then is notified The server decides when to send data E.g., promotional offers Change control: Management of replication [ABCMM03] What to do when a change is detected –Send the new state of data –Send the delta between old and new state –Dual of merge policies

59. 59 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Peer-to-peer auctions (VLDB 2002 demo) Each peer proposes auctions: Document myauctions.xml with the peer’s items and their current bids Services offered: –getLocalAuctions(), –status(auctionId) Each peer bids on auctions: Document mybids.xml with the peer’s bids Services offered: –bid(peer,auctionId, amount) –bidUpTo(peer, auctionId, increment, limit) Each peer knows about other peers’ auctions: Document allauctions.xml contains calls to other peers that transitively retrieve their known auctions. Service offered : getAllAuctions() When an auction closes, the winner is notified.

60. 60 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML News syndication (VLDB 2003 demo) News sources: GetStory(id) GetNewsAbout(kwd) Aggregators: GetNewsAbout(kwd) …but several versions, more or less intensional Clients: PC, laptops, PDAs

61. 61 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Customizing the output of services News sources/aggregators provide different versions of GetNewsAbout with different output schemas The output is automatically transformed into the desired schema Clients can also specify a desired output schema as a parameter Customizing the input of services Location-aware continuous services for mobile users The context of the user is given by intensional parameters Distributed logging mechanism Also customizable through the use of schemas Service customization using schemas

62. 62 Omar Benjelloun – Active XML Call parameters “Denver” XPath AXML “colorado”../../city To call or not to call (before invoking) ? XML