1. Roman Gladiators

2. Modern Stereotypes

3. Thumbs Down! Jean-Léon Gérôme. “Police Verso” (“Thumbs Down”), 1872

4. Types of Evidence Literary (Mahoney) Material Artistic Representations Artifacts (Equipment) Tombstones Inscriptions Terracotta Figurine of a Gladiator in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Roman, 1st-2nd century AD Accession # 10.210.78

5. Literary Evidence: Thumbs Up! Juvenal. Satire 3.34-37 The one-time horn players, traveling to municipal arenas, their puffed-out cheeks known in all the little towns, are now putting on their on munera, and when the crowd gives the order with upturned thumb, they kill just as the people want.

6. Material Evidence

7. Types of Gladiators

8. Thraex

9. Retiarius

10. Place Your Bet!

11. Some gladiatorial vocabulary: tiro: a gladiatorial recruit veteranus:those gladiators who had fought at least once lanista:a gladiatorial trainer armatura:gladiatorial equipment myrmillo:heavily-armed footman with a fish on his helmets Samnite:heavily-armed footman secutor:heavily-armed footman Thraex:light-armed footman bearing a shield and reversed sickle retiarius:unhelmeted footman armed with only tunic, net, trident and dagger essedarius:chariot fighter familia:a troop of gladiators ludus:a place of residence and training of gladiators ludia:female gladiator; women associated with gladiators; "a female slave attached to a gladiatorial ludus" (OLD) munus:gladiatorial show

12. Gladiatorial Scenes in Art

13. Zliten Mosaic Originally in a Roman seaside villa Now in Archaeological Musuem Tripoli, Tunisia

15. Fragment of a Relief Showing Gladiators in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Roman, 1st-3rd century AD Recorded ca. 1880 in the Vigna Aquari in Rome. Accession # 57.11.

16. Gladiator cup, ca. 50–80 A.D.; Neronian–Early Flavianic Roman; Found at Montagnole, southern France Now in New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Glass; H. 2 7/8 in. (7.3 cm), Diam. 3 1/8 in. (7.9 cm) Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1881 (81.10.245)

17. Ancient Mosaic now in Bourghese Gallery, Rome

18. Gladiator Mosaic Bad Kreuznach (Germany) http://romanhistorybooksandmore.freeservers.com/p_kreuzn_g.htm

21. Gladitorial Tombstones