1. Huun-Huur-Tu, “Do You Want Me to Saddle You?,” Where the Young Grass Grows (1999)

2. The Mongol World Empire

3. 4000 BCE 2000 CE Time WestEast Central PGN Central PMN East Asian PGN Mongol Empire East Asian PMN East/West Pulsations and Merger

4. The Imperial Alternatives Run empire on traditional nomadic lines, as a tribal confederation But, what to do with sedentary peoples of China and Persia? –Extermination? –Ruthless exploitation? Example of Il Khanate

9. The Imperial Alternatives - 2 Borrow practices of previous Turco- Mongolian Peoples –Cooked and uncooked barbarians –Uighurs Introduced writing to Mongols –Qara-Khitai (or Khitans) Darugachi, a provincial administrative figure Yam – the postal service

12. The Imperial Alternatives - 3 Adopt methods of the settled peoples –Most prominent in China and Persia –Persia: local elites, such as Juwayni, recruited into service

14. The Imperial Alternatives - 4 –China Lower level of bureaucracy staffed by Chinese Upper levels reserved for non-Chinese, often from Central Asia, such as Mahmud Yalavach

15. Mongol Institutions The Army –In a sense, all Mongols belong to the army –Highly mobile –Decimal organization

17. –Army becomes an “artificial tribe” –Tendency to become an army of professional mercenaries

19. Mongol Institutions - 2 The Great Yasa (1206?), or law code Taxation –Head tax (qubchur) –Sales tax (tamgha) Communications

23. Factors for Imperial Disintegration Horizontal stratification: a nobility emerges Vertical differentiation: armies split off from rest of the people Sedentarization and denomadification of ruling elites, e.g. Kubilai Khan

25. Example of Kubilai Khan –Moves capital to Beijing –Adopts Chinese dynastic name (Yüan) –Becomes a Buddhist

27. Factors for Imperial Disintegration - 2 Lack of clear rules for succession to imperial throne –Mixture of hereditary right and election –Both lineal and lateral succession recognized –Designation by ruling khan also used

28. Factors for Imperial Disintegration - 3 Ögodei, 3rd son of Chingiz Khan,designated and elected, 1229 Küyük, son of Ögodei, elected, 1247 Möngke, son of Chingiz’ youngest son, elected over opposition, 1251 Kubilai, brother of Möngke, elected in a disputed election, leading to civil war, 1260

29. Disintegration Empire becomes group of sub-khanates Example of China –Mongols illegitimate in eyes of Chinese –1353-54: plague and rebellion –Inflation –1368: Ming dynasty established

31. Disintegration - 2 Example of Russia –Rulers of Golden Horde do not settle among Russians –Russians left to govern themselves

32. –Rulers of Moscow serve interests of Golden Horde and thus gain power –Mid-14th century rebel against Mongols –1500: Golden Horde destroyed by Crim Tatars