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Huun-Huur-Tu, “Do You Want Me to Saddle You?,” Where the Young Grass Grows (1999)
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The Mongol World Empire
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4000 BCE 2000 CE Time WestEast Central PGN Central PMN East Asian PGN Mongol Empire East Asian PMN East/West Pulsations and Merger
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The Imperial Alternatives Run empire on traditional nomadic lines, as a tribal confederation But, what to do with sedentary peoples of China and Persia? –Extermination? –Ruthless exploitation? Example of Il Khanate
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The Imperial Alternatives - 2 Borrow practices of previous Turco- Mongolian Peoples –Cooked and uncooked barbarians –Uighurs Introduced writing to Mongols –Qara-Khitai (or Khitans) Darugachi, a provincial administrative figure Yam – the postal service
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The Imperial Alternatives - 3 Adopt methods of the settled peoples –Most prominent in China and Persia –Persia: local elites, such as Juwayni, recruited into service
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The Imperial Alternatives - 4 –China Lower level of bureaucracy staffed by Chinese Upper levels reserved for non-Chinese, often from Central Asia, such as Mahmud Yalavach
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Mongol Institutions The Army –In a sense, all Mongols belong to the army –Highly mobile –Decimal organization
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–Army becomes an “artificial tribe” –Tendency to become an army of professional mercenaries
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Mongol Institutions - 2 The Great Yasa (1206?), or law code Taxation –Head tax (qubchur) –Sales tax (tamgha) Communications
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Factors for Imperial Disintegration Horizontal stratification: a nobility emerges Vertical differentiation: armies split off from rest of the people Sedentarization and denomadification of ruling elites, e.g. Kubilai Khan
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Example of Kubilai Khan –Moves capital to Beijing –Adopts Chinese dynastic name (Yüan) –Becomes a Buddhist
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Factors for Imperial Disintegration - 2 Lack of clear rules for succession to imperial throne –Mixture of hereditary right and election –Both lineal and lateral succession recognized –Designation by ruling khan also used
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Factors for Imperial Disintegration - 3 Ögodei, 3rd son of Chingiz Khan,designated and elected, 1229 Küyük, son of Ögodei, elected, 1247 Möngke, son of Chingiz’ youngest son, elected over opposition, 1251 Kubilai, brother of Möngke, elected in a disputed election, leading to civil war, 1260
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Disintegration Empire becomes group of sub-khanates Example of China –Mongols illegitimate in eyes of Chinese –1353-54: plague and rebellion –Inflation –1368: Ming dynasty established
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Disintegration - 2 Example of Russia –Rulers of Golden Horde do not settle among Russians –Russians left to govern themselves
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–Rulers of Moscow serve interests of Golden Horde and thus gain power –Mid-14th century rebel against Mongols –1500: Golden Horde destroyed by Crim Tatars
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