1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

2. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

3. Animal-like protists consume other organisms.
heterotrophs
single-celled

4. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic.
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
no roots, stems, or leaves

5. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
heterotrophs
can move, whereas fungi cannot

6. Protists are difficult to classify.
Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

7. Protist classification will likely change.
Some protists are not closely related.
Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

8. KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

9. Animal-like protists move in various ways.
Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

10. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates.
flagella help zooflagellates swim
more than 2000 zooflagellates

11. change shape as they move
Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas

12. Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move
amoebas
foraminifera

13. cilia help protists swim and capture food
Some protozoa move with cilia.
cilia help protists swim and capture food
more than 8000 ciliates
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

14. Some animal-like protists cause disease.
Protists cause some well-known infectious diseases.
sporozoites
human liver
liver cells
developed
parasites
red blood
cells
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.
Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies.
A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water.
Malaria Infection

15. KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

16. Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
colony
daughter colony

17. mostly photosynthetic
Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.
mostly photosynthetic
some heterotrophic
single-celled
one or two flagella
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum

18. have stiff protective plates
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
have two flagella
may be bioluminescent
have stiff protective plates
can cause red tide
Dinoflagellates

19. produce large amounts of oxygen
Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
shells made of silica
produce large amounts of oxygen

20. Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b.
Brown algae contain chlorophyll c.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

21. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
All algae can reproduce asexually.
Multicellular algae can fragment.
Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

22. Some algae produce sexually.
Some species alternate generations.
Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

23. KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

24. Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits.
decomposers, like fungi
can move, like animals

25. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei.
Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

26. Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists.
one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s
made of branching strands of cells
can be parasites of plants or fish

27. KEY CONCEPT Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

28. Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment.
Plants and fungi have different traits.
Fungal cell walls are made of chitin.
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
Plants have chlorophyll and photosynthesize.
Fungi absorb food through hyphae.

29. Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts.
hyphae
mycellium
fruiting body

30. Fungi come in many shapes and sizes.
Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.
Sac fungi form a reproductive sac, or ascus.
Yeasts are single-celled sac fungi.
Morels and truffles are multicellular sac fungi.

31. Bread molds are often found on spoiled food.
form zygospores during reproduction
mycorrhizae belong to this group

32. Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped.
reproductive structures called basidia
include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

33. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.
Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.

34. distinctive reproductive structures
Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
distinctive reproductive structures

35. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both

36. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both

37. All fungi form spores and zygotes.

38. KEY CONCEPT Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

39. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists.
Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem.
decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals
return nutrients to the soil
can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

40. Fungi can act as pathogens.
human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot
plant diseases include Dutch elm disease

41. Fungi can act as mutualists. lichens form between fungi and algae
mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

42. Fungi can act as mutualists.
relationships form between fungi and some insects

43. Fungi are studied for many purposes.
Fungi are useful in several ways.
as food
as antibiotics
as model systems for molecular biology