1. Africa Since World War II World Studies

2. Independence From ~1950-1990 African nations gained independence from Europe From ~1950-1990 African nations gained independence from Europe Liberia, Ethiopia, South Africa, Egypt gained independence before 1950. Liberia, Ethiopia, South Africa, Egypt gained independence before 1950. First country to be liberated (excluding the above countries) was Libya (1951) First country to be liberated (excluding the above countries) was Libya (1951) Libya aided Great Britain and Italy in WWII and the UN gave Libya it’s independence from Italy as a reward. Libya aided Great Britain and Italy in WWII and the UN gave Libya it’s independence from Italy as a reward. Last country to gain independence was Eritrea in 1993. Last country to gain independence was Eritrea in 1993. Eritrea gained freedom from Great Britain in 1956 but the UN incorporated the country into Ethiopia. Eritrea gained freedom from Great Britain in 1956 but the UN incorporated the country into Ethiopia. Eritrea resisted this and finally gained freedom in 1993. Eritrea resisted this and finally gained freedom in 1993.

3. Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism A nationalist movement (love for one’s country) calling for unity amongst all Africans. A nationalist movement (love for one’s country) calling for unity amongst all Africans. “Africa for the Africans!”- slogan “Africa for the Africans!”- slogan Negritude Movement Negritude Movement Led by Senegalese poet Leopold Sedar Senghor Led by Senegalese poet Leopold Sedar Senghor Encouraged Africans to embrace their heritage Encouraged Africans to embrace their heritage This strengthened pan-africanism This strengthened pan-africanism

4. World War II Costs World War II cost the world 1.6 trillion dollars! World War II cost the world 1.6 trillion dollars! It cost Great Britain 49.7 billion dollars It cost Great Britain 49.7 billion dollars Germany- 212.3 billion dollars Germany- 212.3 billion dollars France- 111.3 billion dollars France- 111.3 billion dollars USA- 288 billion dollars USA- 288 billion dollars

5. World War II Effects On Independence The cost of the war left European nations such as GB, Germany, Italy, and France with little money to maintain colonies The cost of the war left European nations such as GB, Germany, Italy, and France with little money to maintain colonies High number of fatalities meant less people to fill jobs at home and less people to send to colonies to govern. High number of fatalities meant less people to fill jobs at home and less people to send to colonies to govern. 300,000 British died 300,000 British died 173,260 French died 173,260 French died 93,000 Italians died 93,000 Italians died 54,770,000 total dead (soldiers and civilians) as a result of WWII 54,770,000 total dead (soldiers and civilians) as a result of WWII

6. Legacy of Colonialism African was left with borders drawn by Europe African was left with borders drawn by Europe Many countries included rival ethnicities Many countries included rival ethnicities Many ethnicities were split between 2-3 nations Many ethnicities were split between 2-3 nations Ewe people- split between Togo and Ghana Ewe people- split between Togo and Ghana Natural resources were unequally divided among nations Natural resources were unequally divided among nations

7. Building Governments After colonial governments left, Africans were forced to build governments that would bring unity to their people. After colonial governments left, Africans were forced to build governments that would bring unity to their people. Democracy was difficult for African nations because of divisions. Other forms of government arose: Democracy was difficult for African nations because of divisions. Other forms of government arose: One party rule- the complete rule of one political party over the government One party rule- the complete rule of one political party over the government Military rule- control of government in the hands of the military leader and the military Military rule- control of government in the hands of the military leader and the military Dictatorship- government without the consent of the people Dictatorship- government without the consent of the people Frequent changes in government types Frequent changes in government types Stability allowed some nations to prosper Stability allowed some nations to prosper

8. Democratization By the 1980s, many African countries attempted democracies By the 1980s, many African countries attempted democracies South Africa held its first elections in 1994 South Africa held its first elections in 1994 Democratic experiments have failed in many countries due to: Democratic experiments have failed in many countries due to: Corruption- doctoring votes, bribing, etc. Corruption- doctoring votes, bribing, etc. Lack of faith in democratic system Lack of faith in democratic system Ethnic struggles Ethnic struggles

9. Economic Dependence Africa still struggles to gain economic independence from Western nations (Europe, USA) Africa still struggles to gain economic independence from Western nations (Europe, USA) Infrastructure is geared towards the extraction/production of natural resources like: Infrastructure is geared towards the extraction/production of natural resources like: Oil Oil Crops- rubber, corn, gum Crops- rubber, corn, gum Minerals- diamonds, gold, silver, copper Minerals- diamonds, gold, silver, copper Africa doesn’t have the infrastructure to manufacture goods from these natural resources Africa doesn’t have the infrastructure to manufacture goods from these natural resources Western nations, just like in colonial times, move in to buy cheap resources and manufacture consumer goods for profit Western nations, just like in colonial times, move in to buy cheap resources and manufacture consumer goods for profit

10. Population Explosion Africa’s current population is 944 million Africa’s current population is 944 million By 2025, Africa’s population is expected to be 1.4 billion By 2025, Africa’s population is expected to be 1.4 billion By 2050, 2 billion By 2050, 2 billion A 107% increase in population! A 107% increase in population! Food scarcity/starvation is already a problem in Africa, increased population will only worsen this problem Food scarcity/starvation is already a problem in Africa, increased population will only worsen this problem

11. Age Distribution The percentage of people 15 or younger in most African countries is 41%-50%! The percentage of people 15 or younger in most African countries is 41%-50%! In Zimbabwe and Kenya more than 51% of the population is younger than 15 In Zimbabwe and Kenya more than 51% of the population is younger than 15 Only 3% of population over 65 Only 3% of population over 65 Male life expectancy- 52 Male life expectancy- 52 Female life expectancy- 54 Female life expectancy- 54 There are far more children than adults! There are far more children than adults!

12. Major Civil Wars Civil wars ravaged African nations from independence until today Civil wars ravaged African nations from independence until today Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (truce 2002) Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo (truce 2002) 4 million dead- deadliest conflict since WWII 4 million dead- deadliest conflict since WWII Darfur- West Sudan Darfur- West Sudan 200,000-300,000 dead 200,000-300,000 dead Uganda- Lord’s Resistance Army Uganda- Lord’s Resistance Army 1.4 million displaced, 12,000 dead, 20,000 children abducted 1.4 million displaced, 12,000 dead, 20,000 children abducted Angola- longest civil war 1974-2002 Angola- longest civil war 1974-2002 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Liberia Liberia Rwanda- 1994 Rwanda- 1994 Hutu majority carry out genocide on Tutsi minority Hutu majority carry out genocide on Tutsi minority 800,000-1 million killed in only 100 days 800,000-1 million killed in only 100 days