1. Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment -Studies the interconnections between the individual parts of a system (the plants, the nutrients, …) and how they work to form the whole system

2. Matter - everything that takes up space and has mass Energy - the capacity to do work –kinetic energy - the energy of motion –potential energy - stored energy ready for use 1st Law of Thermodynamics –energy is conserved (  E =  Q -  W) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics –no transformation of energy is completely efficient

3. Elements Substances that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical means. (i.e. excluding nuclear reactions / radioactive decay) Most abundant elements in the Continental Crust Oxygen 45% by wt.Sodium 2.32% Silicon 27% Potassium 1.7% Aluminum 8%Titanium 0.86 % Iron 5.8%Hydrogen 0.14% Calcium 5%Manganese 0.1 % Magnesium 2.8%Phosphorous 0.1 % All other elements 0.77 % ----> 100%

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-2 Elements and compounds

5. Atoms

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Periodic table of the elements Figure 2.2 2-1

7. Isotopes

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Molecules and compounds Figure 2.4 2-4

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Atom (carbon-12) Figure 2.3 2-3

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organic molecules Figure 2.6 2-6

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The electromagnetic spectrum Figure 2.9 2-8

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Photosynthesis Figure 2.10 2-9

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy flows in food web Figure 2.13 2-11

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trophic levels Figure 2.14 2-12

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy pyramid Figure 2.15 2-13 Source: Data from Howard T. Odum, “Trophic Structure and Productivity of Silver Springs, Florida” in Ecological Monographs, 27:55-112, 1957, Ecological Society of America.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy pyramid/biomass period Figure 2.16 2-14

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trophic pyramid Figure 2.17 2-15

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Carbon cycle Figure 2.19 2-17

19. Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nitrogen cycle Figure 2.20 2-18

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phosphorus cycle Figure 2.22 2-19

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sulfur cycle Figure 2.23 2-20

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dimethylsulfide Figure 2.24 2-21

24. Water Strongly Polar Liquid over a wide range of temperatures High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Becomes less dense as it solidifies

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy exchange in ecosystem Figure 2.11 2-10