1. Primary Production

2. Production: Formation of Organic Matter Autotrophic Organisms (Plants, algae and some bacteria) –Photosynthesis –Chemosynthesis CO 2 + Electron Donor + energy  CH 2 O + other Heterotrophic Organisms (most bacteria and animals) RESPIRATION (Autotrophs & Heterotrophs) CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy (ATP)

3. Primary Production

4. Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O +light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Need: Co2, H2O, Light and….. N  DNA, RNA, Proteins P  Energy Transport, DNA, RNA Fe  Photosynthetic electron chain ….

5. Nutrients Macronutrients: N, P, Si, S, Mg, K… Micronutrients: Cu, Fe, Se… Redfield Ratios: PNC SW1151000 Phytopl.116106

6. SW and FW Phytoplankton macronutrient limitation

7. Oceanic Productivity Limiting Factors Light Nutrients

8. Bristlecone Pine: 4.723 years old!

9. Kelp Forest Macroalgae: 3% Ocean Photosynthesis www.underwaterplanet.com

10. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton: 97% Ocean Photosynthesis

11. Phytoplankton Dominance Phytoplankton – Optimize surface area/volume ( 4 / 3 Пr 2 ) / ( 4 / 3 Пr 3 ) Smaller size  larger surf. area/volume 5μm = 1/5 10μm = 1/10 –Small Particles sink slower Larger surf. area/volume  Slower sinking

12. Phytoplankton spines: increase in surface for higher floatability

13. Energy – Mass models

14. Measuring Productivity

15. Plant Biomass –How much phytoplankton is there (mg Chl/m 3 ) or (μg Chl/liter) Productivity –A rate of how much carbon is produced per time g Carbon / m 3 / day –GROSS Productivity = Carbon fixed through Photosynthesis per time –NET Productivity = Gross Prod - Respiration Measuring Productivity

16. Standing Crop: Plant Biomass

17. Grass clippings after 1 week: Productivity

18. What do Chl maps really measure? Biomass!

19. Measurement of Productivity: C 14 incorporation experiments

20. Phytoplankton consumption: grazing

21. So Chl concentration is reasonable estimation of primary productivity in surface waters

22. Ecosystem Productivity (Annual net productivity)

23. Ocean primary productivity

24. Productivity and depth

25. Open water (low productivity)

26. Coastal and Estuarine waters (high productivity)

27. Productivity measurements with DEPTH

28. Photic Zone and Compensation Depth

29. Upper Pelagic Habitats- Photic Zone

30. Vertical distribution of Primary production Surface photoinhibition (UV light?) Photosynthetic Maximum Compensation depth Critical Depth –Refers to the whole population –Photosynthesis total = Respiration total

31. Productivity and depth

32. Critical Depth CRITICAL DEPTH: Depth at which total primary productivity = Total respiration MIXING DEPTH – Depth above which all water is throughly mixed (WIND) THE PUNCHLINE: MIXING DEPTH > CRITICAL DEPTH: Then Phytopl. are partially swept down and a bloom cannot not occur MIXING DEPTH < CRITICAL DEPTH: then a Phytopl. Bloom can occur

33. CRITICAL DEPTH

35. Nitrogen Cycle

36. Phosphorous Cycle

37. Figure 13.8

38. Vertical distribution of Nutrients

39. Atlantic & Pacific nutrient distribution

40. Atlantic & Pacific oxygen distribution

41. Nutrients & distance to shore

42. Phytoplankton and distance to coast

43. Nutrient upwelling

44. July Chlorophyll

45. January Chlorophyll

46. Latitudinal effects on Primary productivity

47. Seasonal stratification

48. Seasonal effects on Primary Productivity

49. Consumers or Grazers

50. Temperate Ocean Spring Bloom

52. Absorption Spectrum

53. Adapted Algae

54. PI Curves

55. www.iku.sintef.no