1. Introduction to Communication Research
(FREE ELECTIVE 2)
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2. What Is RESEARCH?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
Steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
 "a studious inquiry or examination; especially  : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws".
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3. Characteristics of Research:
1. RELIABILITY
- is a subjective term which can not be measured precisely but today there are instruments which can estimate the reliability of any research
-  the repeatability of any research, research instrument, tool or procedure
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4. Characteristics of Research:
2. Validity
is the strength with which we can call a research conclusions, assumptions or propositions true or false.
determines the applicability of research
can be defined as the suitability of the research instrument to the research problem or how accurately the instrument measures the problem
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5. Characteristics of Research:
3. Accuracy
the degree to which each research process, instrument and tool is related to each other
also measures whether research tools have been selected in best possible manner and research procedures suits the research problem or not
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6. Characteristics of Research:
4. Credibility
comes with the use of best source of information and best procedures in research.
First-hand information vs. Second-hand information
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7. Characteristics of Research:
5. Generalizability
- is the extent to which a research findings can be applied to larger population.
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8. Characteristics of Research:
6. Empirical
- nature of research means that the research has been conducted following rigorous scientific methods and procedures
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9. Characteristics of Research:
7. Systematic approach
is the only approach for research so that no research can be conducted haphazardly.
Each step must follow other.
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10. Characteristics of Research:
8. Controlled
To verify or regulate by conducting a parallel experiment or by comparing with another standard.
A standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment.
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11. Elements of Research: 1. Abstract
Comprehensive summary of the article contents.
Give reader the ability to quickly survey the substance of the article.
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12. Elements of Research: 2. Introduction Introduces the problem
Studies and develop background knowledge of the project
Section where you’ll find literature review where studies on the subject are discussed.
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13. Elements of Research: 4. Methods
Describes the study in details including information about participants , procedure followed and etc.
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14. Elements of Research: 4. Results
- The section frequently contains figures, charts and tables presenting the data collected.
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15. Elements of Research: 5. Discussion
Usually evaluates the results and statistics presented in result section.
This section identifies implications of the study result.
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16. Elements of Research: 6. References
- Full citations for works cited within the body of the study itself.
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17. Qualifications of a Researcher
Acknowledging that I know very little and there is so much to learn
Urge to learn more
Non-judgmental open-hearted attitude towards research
Giving priority to Truth and Research before your personal comfort and conveniences
Complete Commitment to Research Area
Having patience and perseverance
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18. Steps in Conducting Research:
1. Observations and Formation of the topic
subject area of ones interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research.
2. Hypothesis
- A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables
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19. Steps in Conducting Research:
3. Conceptual definition
Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts
4. Operational definition
- Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study
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20. Steps in Conducting Research:
5. Gathering of data
Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from and/or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
6. Analysis of data
-Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data in order to draw conclusions about it
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21. Steps in Conducting Research:
7. Data Interpretation
This can be represented through tables, figures and pictures, and then described in words
8. Conclusion
- The result of the study
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22. Common Errors and Difficulties:
1. Population Specification
This type of error occurs when the researcher selects an inappropriate population or universe from which to obtain data.
2. Sampling
- Sampling error occurs when a probability sampling method is used to select a sample, but the resulting sample is not representative of the population concern.
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23. Common Errors and Difficulties:
3.  Selection
Selection error is the sampling error for a sample selected by a nonprobability method.
4. Non-responsive
Nonresponse error can exist when an obtained sample differs from the original selected sample.
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24. Common Errors and Difficulties:
5. Measurement
- is generated by the measurement process itself, and represents the difference between the information generated and the information wanted by the researcher.
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25. Communication Research
generally refers to the attempt to discover trends or facts in the field of communication and mass media through research process.
 is an analysis or an investigation about the materials available in various formats of a particular topic to substantiate the give matter.
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26. Developments in Communication Research:
Technological advancements
Society, culture, and lifestyle are different as of today
Concrete developments in mass media
Old style of analysis are no longer available, new approaches and vocabularies needs to be created to understand the modern day.
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27. Limitations and Challenges:
Allotted Research Time
Available Resources
Population needed for the study
Environmental Concerns
Point of views and culture
Monetary Funding
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28. Types Of Communication Research:
1. Social Science - is conducted through the use of scientific and systematic methods, and it is based on the assumption that research can uncover patterns in the lives of people.
2. Propriety research - research that is commissioned by an individual or organization for its own use
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29. Research Techniques: Quantitative
refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena
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30. Research Techniques: Qualitative
is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.
aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior
 investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when
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