1. Electrochemical Cells (Batteries) Chemical reaction produces electricity. Called “voltaic cells” Happens SPONTANEOUSLY.

2. Moving Electrons = Electricity Electrons from oxidized substance travel towards substance reduced. Traveling electrons move through “external circuit” where they do work.

3. Parts of a Simple Battery (Voltaic Cell) Made of Two “Half Cells” containing: 2 Metal Electrodes 2 Solutions of Ions External Wire Salt Bridge

4. “Charge” flows in a “circuit” that is connected. External Wire: allows e- to flow between metal electrodes Salt Bridge: allows ions to flow between solutions

5. What is Ox/Red? Start with Table J Electrons travel from more “Active” metal toward less active metal. Metal above = oxidized Ion on Metal below = reduced Ex: Ox: Zn Red: Cu +2

6. Which way do electrons flow in the external wire? Electrons flow “Down Table J” From metal above to ion of metal below from Zn to Cu +2 e-

7. Which electrode is negative or positive? Electrons flow from negative to positive electrode. Negative electrode: Zn Positive electrode: Cu e-

8. Which electrode is the anode or cathode? Anode: metal electrode where oxidation occurs Ex: Zn Cathode: metal electrode where reduction occurs Ex: Cu

9. Remember AN OX RED CAT Anode is where oxidation happens Cathode is where reduction happens

10. What are the Half Reactions? Ox: Zn 0 Zn +2 + 2e- Red: Cu +2 + 2e- Cu 0 What is the Net Equation? Net: (add ½ reactions) Zn 0 + Cu +2 Zn +2 + Cu 0 Make sure final net equation is balanced for electrons and atoms! e-

11. Which electrode gains/loses weight? Look at half reactions!! Which forms solid metal? Which forms dissolved ions? Ox: Zn 0 Zn +2 + 2e- Red: Cu +2 + 2e- Cu 0

12. Which way do the ions in the salt bridge “migrate” or move? Remember: “The negative ions complete the circuit” (The ions actually end up moving towards the solution of opposite charge that forms.)

13. Dead Battery Voltage = 0 Means the reaction in the battery has reached EQUILIBRIUM.

14. You try it… Mg/Mg +2 //Al +3 /Al Draw and label Battery Draw and label Battery What is oxidized/reduced? What is oxidized/reduced? What are the half reactions and net(balanced)? What are the half reactions and net(balanced)? What is the neg/pos electrode? What is the neg/pos electrode? What is the anode/cathode? What is the anode/cathode? Which way do e- flow in wire? Which way do e- flow in wire? Which way do -/+ ions flow in salt bridge? Which way do -/+ ions flow in salt bridge? Which electrode gains/loses mass? Which electrode gains/loses mass?

15. Lemon Battery Demo Lemon Battery Demo http://youtu.be/AY9qcDCFeVI http://youtu.be/AY9qcDCFeVI http://youtu.be/AY9qcDCFeVI Batteries Batteries http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf Battery Simulation http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/volticCell.htmlN Battery Simulation http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/volticCell.htmlN http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/volticCell.html http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/volticCell.html Nerst Equation Simulation (HONORS) http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/voltaicCellEMF.html Nerst Equation Simulation (HONORS) http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/voltaicCellEMF.html http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/voltaicCellEMF.html http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbo we/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroCh em/voltaicCellEMF.html

16. Finding Voltage of a Battery (Honors) Use Voltage Table Find your half reactions and record voltage Note: All ½ reactions shown are reductions. For oxidation, reverse the sign of the voltage

17. Nerntz Equation (Honors) Find voltage of a battery when the conc. of dissolved ions is not 1 Molar (as on “standard voltage” table) E cell = E 0 – 0.0592 log [product ion] x n [reactant ion] y n [reactant ion] y n = total # of moles electrons being transferred The concentration of dissolved ions can affect voltage. Greater concentration of reactant ions (see net) increases the overall voltage.