2. Theories of Motivation Behaviorism Cognitive Humanistic

3. Behaviorism Motivation as reinforcement: The use of rewards in classrooms is a controversial, but common, practice. Elementary: Being praised by the teacher Rewarded with entertainment, like computer games Consumable rewards like candy or cookies Competition-a reward for being 1st to finish games or sports Middle School: High test scores and good grades Teacher comments on papers- praise Private teacher compliments Phone calls home to parents Being given free time

4. Cognitive Motivation Focus is on the learner’s need to know; the need for order and predictability. The need to know is the motivator. Goes with Piaget’s theory of equilibrium. Out of balance= need to achieve balance by modifying schema.

5. Cognitive motivation helps to explain: Why brain teasers are popular. Why we are curious when something unexpected occurs. Why we ask questions unrelated to aspects of a lesson. Why, once we master a task, we move on. Why we want feedback, even when it is negative.

6. Humanistic Views of Motivation Humanism seeks to develop the whole person. Humanists assume that learners want fulfilling experiences. They want to uplift themselves. Humanism emphasizes the personal and emotional side of learning.

7. Humanistic teachers are: Genuine people without personas or facades. Accepting; viewing each student as a worthy person. Empathetic and able to see things from a student’s point of view. Humanistic classrooms are safe environments where students believe they can learn and do.

8. We Are Not Finished Yet Let’s Talk About Motivation and Needs

9. Maslows Hierarchy Basic needs Growth needs Those that expand and increase as people experience with them but are never met.

10. Social Emotional Needs Need for relatedness - is the need to feel connected to others in a social environment and feel worthy and capable of love and respect. Need for approval - need to secure acceptance and positive judgments. Need to reduce anxiety - uneasiness and feeling of tension

11. Cognitive Learning Needs Autonomy - In control of own environment Attribution - Attempt to explain success and failure. Protect self worth- Effort a source of self worth so think achievement is based

12. We Still Have More For You!

13. Motivation and Beliefs Beliefs about ability -Entity view: stable and uncontrollable high need to avoid failure may imply low ability -Incremental view: *improve with effort Beliefs about capability -Self-efficacy: specific focus on capability and cognitive appraisal of one’s competence -Self-worth: affective evaluation

14. Motivation and Beliefs How Teachers Influence Learner’s Beliefs Attributional Statements: Attribute failure to lack of effort Praise and criticism Emotional displays Helping