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Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 20051 OCL2 Oracle 10g: SQL & PL/SQL Session #8 Matthew P. Johnson CISDD, CUNY Fall, 2004.

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Presentation on theme: "Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 20051 OCL2 Oracle 10g: SQL & PL/SQL Session #8 Matthew P. Johnson CISDD, CUNY Fall, 2004."— Presentation transcript:

1 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 20051 OCL2 Oracle 10g: SQL & PL/SQL Session #8 Matthew P. Johnson CISDD, CUNY Fall, 2004

2 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 2 Agenda More PL/SQL: CASE statements Exception-handling Packages Execution rights DDL in PL/SQL with dynamic PL/SQL Triggers

3 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 3 Case-statements Saw if and if-else statements last time Oracle 8i added support for case stmts Two kinds:  Simple cast stmt  “searched” case stmt Also: case expressions

4 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 4 Simple case statements General form: ELSE is optional expression and results are scalars  numbers, chars, strings, etc.; not tables  Literals or vars CASE expression WHEN result1 THEN statements1 WHEN result2 THEN statements2... ELSE statements_else END CASE; CASE expression WHEN result1 THEN statements1 WHEN result2 THEN statements2... ELSE statements_else END CASE;

5 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 5 Simple case e.g. CASE employee_type WHEN 'S' THEN award_salary_bonus(employee_id); WHEN 'H' THEN award_hourly_bonus(employee_id); WHEN 'C' THEN award_commissioned_bonus(employee_id); ELSE RAISE invalid_employee_type; END CASE; CASE employee_type WHEN 'S' THEN award_salary_bonus(employee_id); WHEN 'H' THEN award_hourly_bonus(employee_id); WHEN 'C' THEN award_commissioned_bonus(employee_id); ELSE RAISE invalid_employee_type; END CASE;

6 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 6 Simple case’s ELSE clause This ELSE is optional, but if omitted, you get an implicit else clause: Run example: Can use a NULL statement in the ELSE clause ELSE RAISE CASE_NOT_FOUND; ELSE RAISE CASE_NOT_FOUND; declare x number := 1; begin case x when 2 then dbms_output.put_line('2'); … declare x number := 1; begin case x when 2 then dbms_output.put_line('2'); …

7 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 7 Searched case statement General form: Like C/Java if “switch”  “case” and “case”  “when” Only the first matching WHEN clause is executed CASE WHEN expression1 THEN statements1 WHEN expression2 THEN statements2... ELSE statements_else END CASE; CASE WHEN expression1 THEN statements1 WHEN expression2 THEN statements2... ELSE statements_else END CASE;

8 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 8 Searched case e.g. Q: Can this be implemented as a simple case? CASE WHEN salary >= 10000 AND salary <=20000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1500); WHEN salary > 20000 AND salary <= 40000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1000); WHEN salary > 40000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 500); ELSE give_bonus(employee_id, 0); END CASE; CASE WHEN salary >= 10000 AND salary <=20000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1500); WHEN salary > 20000 AND salary <= 40000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1000); WHEN salary > 40000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 500); ELSE give_bonus(employee_id, 0); END CASE;

9 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 9 Searched case e.g. CASE TRUE WHEN salary >= 10000 AND salary <=20000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1500); WHEN salary > 20000 AND salary <= 40000 give_bonus(employee_id, 1000); WHEN salary > 40000 give_bonus(employee_id, 500); ELSE give_bonus(employee_id, 0); END CASE; CASE TRUE WHEN salary >= 10000 AND salary <=20000 THEN give_bonus(employee_id, 1500); WHEN salary > 20000 AND salary <= 40000 give_bonus(employee_id, 1000); WHEN salary > 40000 give_bonus(employee_id, 500); ELSE give_bonus(employee_id, 0); END CASE;

10 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 10 Case expressions Above were case statements  One statement/set of statements executed, depending on value of test expression Also have case expressions  Evaluates to some expression, depending on value of test expression Case expressions, too, come in both varieties

11 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 11 Simple case expression Simple_Case_Expression := CASE expression WHEN result1 THEN result_expression1 WHEN result2 THEN result_expression2... ELSE result_expression_else END; Simple_Case_Expression := CASE expression WHEN result1 THEN result_expression1 WHEN result2 THEN result_expression2... ELSE result_expression_else END; Searched_Case_Expression := CASE WHEN expression1 THEN result_expression1 WHEN expression2 THEN result_expression2... ELSE result_expression_else END; Searched_Case_Expression := CASE WHEN expression1 THEN result_expression1 WHEN expression2 THEN result_expression2... ELSE result_expression_else END;

12 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 12 CASE statements in SQL By the way: CASE statements are now supported in Oracle SQL itself SELECT CASE WHEN comm is null THEN 0 ELSE comm END FROM emp; SELECT CASE WHEN comm is null THEN 0 ELSE comm END FROM emp;

13 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 13 Explicit cursors v. for loop cursors DECLARE CURSOR occupancy_cur IS SELECT pet_id, room_number FROM occupancy WHERE occupied_dt = TRUNC (SYSDATE); occupancy_rec occupancy_cur%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN occupancy_cur; LOOP FETCH occupancy_cur INTO occupancy_rec; EXIT WHEN occupancy_cur%NOTFOUND; update_bill (occupancy_rec.pet_id, occupancy_rec.room_number); END LOOP; CLOSE occupancy_cur; END; DECLARE CURSOR occupancy_cur IS SELECT pet_id, room_number FROM occupancy WHERE occupied_dt = TRUNC (SYSDATE); occupancy_rec occupancy_cur%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN occupancy_cur; LOOP FETCH occupancy_cur INTO occupancy_rec; EXIT WHEN occupancy_cur%NOTFOUND; update_bill (occupancy_rec.pet_id, occupancy_rec.room_number); END LOOP; CLOSE occupancy_cur; END;

14 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 14 Explicit cursors v. for loop cursors DECLARE CURSOR occupancy_cur IS SELECT pet_id, room_number FROM occupancy WHERE occupied_dt = TRUNC (SYSDATE); BEGIN FOR occupancy_rec IN occupancy_cur LOOP update_bill (occupancy_rec.pet_id, occupancy_rec.room_number); END LOOP; END; DECLARE CURSOR occupancy_cur IS SELECT pet_id, room_number FROM occupancy WHERE occupied_dt = TRUNC (SYSDATE); BEGIN FOR occupancy_rec IN occupancy_cur LOOP update_bill (occupancy_rec.pet_id, occupancy_rec.room_number); END LOOP; END;

15 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 15 Another loop e.g. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pay_out_balance ( account_id_in IN accounts.id%TYPE) -- the type of the var is the same as the field type! IS --IS or AS can be used in place of DECLARE l_balance_remaining NUMBER; BEGIN LOOP l_balance_remaining := account_balance (account_id_in); IF l_balance_remaining < 1000 THEN EXIT; -- exit from the LOOP ELSE apply_balance (account_id_in, l_balance_remaining); END IF; END LOOP; END pay_out_balance; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pay_out_balance ( account_id_in IN accounts.id%TYPE) -- the type of the var is the same as the field type! IS --IS or AS can be used in place of DECLARE l_balance_remaining NUMBER; BEGIN LOOP l_balance_remaining := account_balance (account_id_in); IF l_balance_remaining < 1000 THEN EXIT; -- exit from the LOOP ELSE apply_balance (account_id_in, l_balance_remaining); END IF; END LOOP; END pay_out_balance;

16 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 16 Exception handlers Each WHEN-THEN names a possible exception, like a case in a switch stmt: EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN executable_statements1; WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN executable_statements1;... WHEN OTHERS THEN otherwise_code; END; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN executable_statements1; WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN executable_statements1;... WHEN OTHERS THEN otherwise_code; END;

17 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 17 Function e.g. FUNCTION company_name (company_id_in IN company.company_id%TYPE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS cname company.company_id%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT name INTO cname FROM company WHERE company_id = company_id_in; RETURN cname; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END; FUNCTION company_name (company_id_in IN company.company_id%TYPE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS cname company.company_id%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT name INTO cname FROM company WHERE company_id = company_id_in; RETURN cname; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END;

18 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 18 Longer exception e.g. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE check_account ( account_id_in IN accounts.id%TYPE) IS l_balance_remaining NUMBER; l_balance_below_minimum EXCEPTION; l_account_name accounts.name%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT name INTO l_account_name FROM accounts WHERE id = account_id_in; l_balance_remaining := account_balance (account_id_in); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Balance for ' || l_account_name || ' = ' || l_balance_remaining); CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE check_account ( account_id_in IN accounts.id%TYPE) IS l_balance_remaining NUMBER; l_balance_below_minimum EXCEPTION; l_account_name accounts.name%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT name INTO l_account_name FROM accounts WHERE id = account_id_in; l_balance_remaining := account_balance (account_id_in); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Balance for ' || l_account_name || ' = ' || l_balance_remaining);

19 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 19 Longer exception e.g. IF l_balance_remaining < 1000 THEN RAISE l_balance_below_minimum; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- No account found for this ID log_error (...); WHEN l_balance_below_minimum THEN log_error (...); RAISE; END; IF l_balance_remaining < 1000 THEN RAISE l_balance_below_minimum; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- No account found for this ID log_error (...); WHEN l_balance_below_minimum THEN log_error (...); RAISE; END;

20 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 20 WHEN OTHERS and NULL Can have generic exception catcher with WHEN OTHERS To swallow all other exception types, use a null statement: EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name1 THEN --do one thing WHEN exception_name2 THEN --do another thing WHEN OTHERS THEN null; END; EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name1 THEN --do one thing WHEN exception_name2 THEN --do another thing WHEN OTHERS THEN null; END;

21 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 21 Raising exceptions You can raise an exception with RAISE: DECLARE exception_name EXCEPTION; BEGIN IF condition THEN RAISE exception_name; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name THEN statement; END; DECLARE exception_name EXCEPTION; BEGIN IF condition THEN RAISE exception_name; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN exception_name THEN statement; END;

22 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 22 More on scope Can name blocks and loops with labels > BEGIN INSERT INTO catalog VALUES (...); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN NULL; END insert_but_ignore_dups; > BEGIN INSERT INTO catalog VALUES (...); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN NULL; END insert_but_ignore_dups;

23 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 23 Scope and nested, labeled loops > DECLARE counter INTEGER := 0; BEGIN... DECLARE counter INTEGER := 1; BEGIN IF counter = outerblock.counter THEN... END IF; END; > DECLARE counter INTEGER := 0; BEGIN... DECLARE counter INTEGER := 1; BEGIN IF counter = outerblock.counter THEN... END IF; END;

24 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 24 Scope and nested, labeled loops BEGIN > LOOP EXIT outer_loop; END LOOP; some_statement ; END LOOP; END; BEGIN > LOOP EXIT outer_loop; END LOOP; some_statement ; END LOOP; END;

25 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 25 Packages Functions and procedures (and vars) can be grouped in packages  Like Java packages, C++ namespaces, etc. A pkg has a specification and a body  Somewhat like C++ class definitions Specification: declares public functions  “public” means: can be run by a user with EXECUTE authority on this pkg Body: defines all functions  Vars defined here are visible to the pkg’s programs

26 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 26 Package e.g. Create or replace PACKAGE rg_select as list_name VARCHAR2(60); PROCEDURE init_list (item_name_in IN VARCHAR2, fill_action_in IN VARCHAR2 := 'IMMEDIATE'); PROCEDURE delete_list; PROCEDURE clear_list; END rg_select; Create or replace PACKAGE rg_select as list_name VARCHAR2(60); PROCEDURE init_list (item_name_in IN VARCHAR2, fill_action_in IN VARCHAR2 := 'IMMEDIATE'); PROCEDURE delete_list; PROCEDURE clear_list; END rg_select;

27 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 27 Package body Package body is defined separately, containing actual ftn/proc implementations  Do not preface ftns and procs with “create or replace” Create or replace PACKAGE body rg_select as PROCEDURE init_list (item_name_in IN VARCHAR2, fill_action_in IN VARCHAR2 := 'IMMEDIATE') as … End; … END rg_select; Create or replace PACKAGE body rg_select as PROCEDURE init_list (item_name_in IN VARCHAR2, fill_action_in IN VARCHAR2 := 'IMMEDIATE') as … End; … END rg_select;

28 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 28 Cursors in PL/SQL As expected, PL/SQL has syntax to do the usual things:  Declare cursors  Open and close  Fetch and eventually leave Each can be done manually Also has elegant for/cursor loop  Declare, open, close, fetch all automatic: Example:  http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~mjohnson/oracle/plsql/for.sql http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~mjohnson/oracle/plsql/for.sql FOR my-rec IN my-cursor LOOP … END LOOP; FOR my-rec IN my-cursor LOOP … END LOOP;

29 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 29 Record-based DML CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE set_book_info ( book_in IN books%ROWTYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO books VALUES book_in; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN UPDATE books SET ROW = book_in WHERE isbn = book_in.isbn; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE set_book_info ( book_in IN books%ROWTYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO books VALUES book_in; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN UPDATE books SET ROW = book_in WHERE isbn = book_in.isbn; END;

30 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 30 Programs and rights By default, only the creator of a program may run it (apart from the admin) If others should run, must GRANT them permission: Permissions can be revoked: Can also grant to particular roles or everyone: Wider/narrower grant ops are independent… SQL> GRANT EXECUTE ON wordcount TO george; SQL> REVOKE EXECUTE FROM wordcount TO george; SQL> GRANT EXECUTE ON wordcount TO everyone;

31 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 31 PL/SQL v. SQL There are some things SQL can’t do (e.g., factorial), but some problems can be solved in both DECLARE CURSOR checked_out_cur IS SELECT pet_id, name, checkout_date FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; BEGIN FOR checked_out_rec IN checked_out_cur LOOP INSERT INTO occupancy_history (pet_id, name, checkout_date) VALUES (checked_out_rec.pet_id, checked_out_rec.name, checked_out_rec.checkout_date); DELETE FROM occupancy WHERE pet_id = checked_out_rec.pet_id; END LOOP; END; DECLARE CURSOR checked_out_cur IS SELECT pet_id, name, checkout_date FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; BEGIN FOR checked_out_rec IN checked_out_cur LOOP INSERT INTO occupancy_history (pet_id, name, checkout_date) VALUES (checked_out_rec.pet_id, checked_out_rec.name, checked_out_rec.checkout_date); DELETE FROM occupancy WHERE pet_id = checked_out_rec.pet_id; END LOOP; END;

32 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 32 PL/SQL v. SQL The same thing can be done w/o a cursor: BEGIN INSERT INTO occupancy_history (pet_id, NAME, checkout_date) SELECT pet_id, NAME, checkout_date FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; DELETE FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; END; BEGIN INSERT INTO occupancy_history (pet_id, NAME, checkout_date) SELECT pet_id, NAME, checkout_date FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; DELETE FROM occupancy WHERE checkout_date IS NOT NULL; END;

33 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 33 Dynamic PL/SQL Saw “dynamic SQL” in the cases of Pro*C and JDBC  Ability to run ad-hoc (non-hard-coded) SQL in programs/scripts Can also do this in PL/SQL The string can be passed in, created from concatenation, etc. EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ;

34 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 34 Dynamic PL/SQL E.g.: write function to return number rows in an arbitrary table CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rowCount ( tabname IN VARCHAR2) return integer as retval integer; begin execute immediate 'select count(*) from ' || tabname into retval; return retval; end; / CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION rowCount ( tabname IN VARCHAR2) return integer as retval integer; begin execute immediate 'select count(*) from ' || tabname into retval; return retval; end; /

35 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 35 Dynamic PL/SQL for DDL Ordinarily can’t do DDL in PL/SQL But you can in dynamic PL/SQL Here’s an e.g.: CREATE OR REPLACE procedure dropproc(procname in varchar2) as begin execute immediate 'drop procedure ' || procname; end; / CREATE OR REPLACE procedure dropproc(procname in varchar2) as begin execute immediate 'drop procedure ' || procname; end; /

36 Matthew P. Johnson, OCL2, CISDD CUNY, January 2005 36 More on PL/SQL O’Reilly’s Oracle PL/SQL Programming:  http://www.unix.org.ua/orelly/oracle/prog2/ http://www.unix.org.ua/orelly/oracle/prog2/  This lecture somewhat follows 3 rd edition of this book PL/SQL Reference & Tutorial:  http://www.ilook.fsnet.co.uk/ora_sql/sqlmain2.htm http://www.ilook.fsnet.co.uk/ora_sql/sqlmain2.htm Introduction to PL/SQL:  http://www.geocities.com/cliktoprogram/plsql/introduction.html http://www.geocities.com/cliktoprogram/plsql/introduction.html Oracle FAQ's Script and Code Exchange:  http://www.orafaq.com/scripts/ http://www.orafaq.com/scripts/

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