1. Bioinformatics Original definition (1979 by Paulien Hogeweg): “application of information technology and computer science to the field of molecular biology” Using information technology, designing novel algorithms and methods of analyses (computational biology) Establishing innovative software and databases of information, allowing open access to the records held within them (bioinformatics)

2. Bioinformatics is interdisciplinary Mathematics Statistics Computer Science Biophysics Evolution Ethical, legal and social implications Molecular Biology Structural Biology Biomedicine Bioinformatics Patrice Koehl

3. Genomics: genes give rise to proteins The ~25,000 genes of the human genome encode > 100,000 polypeptides Not all of the DNA in a genome encodes protein microbes: 90% coding gene human: 3% coding gene About ½ of the non-coding DNA in humans is conserved (functionally important)

4. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA RNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation Genotype Phenotype Patrice Koehl

5. DNA structure

6. RNA structure

7. Protein structure

8. G RNA 5’ GGUCAUUC 3’ DNA coding strand DNA template strand DNA 5’ 3’ mRNA synthesis The mRNA is formed by adding nucleotide that are complementary to the template strand Patrice Koehl

9. Translation: mRNA -> protein

10. TRANSLATION The process of reading the mRNA sequence and creating the protein is called translation Protein are made of amino acids (20 different, 9 “essentials”) 3 bases or nucleotides make one codon Each codon specifies one amino acid : genetic code Patrice Koehl

11. 3-letter Codon -> amino acid

12. Translation : initiation Patrice Koehl

13. Translation : initiation tRNA Patrice Koehl

14. Translation : elongation tRNA Patrice Koehl

15. Translation : elongation Patrice Koehl

16. Translation : elongation Patrice Koehl

17. Translation : elongation Patrice Koehl

18. Translation : termination Patrice Koehl

19. Translation : termination Protein Patrice Koehl

20. DNA -> RNA -> Proteins Proteins are central to life Cellular structure, communications, etc. Medical, drug development Failure -> disease (ex: missing, misfolding) The key to protein function is structure

21. Proteins collagen immunoglobulin

22. Huntington’s: amyloid structure

23. Animations Transcription and Translation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ynmxwqiv7j8&feature=related Eukariotic Transcription http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6Nyce-4oG4&feature=related