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TCRP Report 127 Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas Sue Knapp KFH Group, Incorporated Bethesda, Maryland
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Develop guidelines for rural and small urban transit compensation decisions Compensation – salary levels and benefits Attracting and Retaining Quality Employees Study Purpose
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Audiences Local Transit Agencies Transit Boards Local Elected Officials Uses Make Decisions on Wages (salary levels and process) Make Decisions on Benefits (offered and subsidized) Resource for Attracting and Retaining Employees Audience and Uses
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Wages/Salaries Base wages Overtime or compensatory time Benefits Paid leave Insurances Pension Education/tuition reimbursements Wellness programs Definition of Compensation
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Part 1 –Compensation Guidelines – Salaries and Benefits Wages and Benefit Data Guide for Making Compensation Decisions Computer Tool Part 2 - Recruitment and Retention Strategies Guidebook and Tool
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Compensation Data (2007) 360 Transit Systems from 45 States Cross section of operators Service area Transit system size Funding Organizational characteristics Types of services operated Compensation Data
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Systems in the Database 82% are S.5311 recipients; 22% receive S. 5307 for small urban areas About 50% have an urbanized area within their primary service area Most have a mix of fixed route, demand responsive and subscription service Most have full time and part time employees 82% provide overtime pay (time and a half); average 6.2% wages 80% do not have unions Compensation Data
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What affects compensation? Proximity to Urban Areas Service Area Size Region of the Country System Size Organization Type Service Type Employee Characteristics Unemployment Rates Compensation
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How? Proximity to Urban Areas Systems serving urbanized areas have higher wages and slightly higher benefits S. 5307 systems offer significantly better benefits Service Area Size Systems serving larger areas have lower wages and lower benefits Region of the Country Significant regional differences System Size Systems with more employees have higher wages and better employee benefits but higher turnover rates Larger systems tend to have fewer part time staff, more CDL drivers, serve urban areas, have unions and few, if any volunteers Compensation
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How? Organization Type Governmental units have higher pay and better benefits than private-non-profits Service Type Fixed route systems have higher wages and better benefits than demand responsive systems Employee Characteristics Unionized employees have higher pay and better benefits Systems with more full time employees have higher wages and better benefits Systems that use volunteers have lower wages and benefits Systems with staff shortages do not pay lower wages or lower unemployment rates Compensation
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Processes for Setting Wages/Benefits Determining General Wage Ranges Informal Surveys of Market Conditions Formal Salary and Benefit Studies Setting Wages and Benefits County Commissioners/Boards of Director Negotiation with Unions Contractor
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Processes for Setting Wages/Benefits Determining Raises Annual Review Periodic Step Increases Bonuses for High Performance Raises for Improving Skills COLAs What Influences Raises Health of organization Local labor markets Collective bargaining agreements Individual employee performance
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Wages Administrative Staff (annual) Director $48K $14K - $105K Admin Assist $28K$12K - $55K Planner $36K$15K - $83K Bookkeeper $30K$12K - $67K Marketing Specialist $37K$17K - $58K Computer Operator $38K$18K - $50K Safety/Training Mgr. $34K$12K - $56K Trainer $31K$16K - $54K Rideshare Coordin. $30K$19K - $56K
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Wages Operating Staff (per hour) Clerk$11.20 $6.12 – $19.45 Ops Supervisor$17.70 $7.25 - $32.81 Street Supervisor$16.48$10.29 – $26.80 Scheduler$11.59 $6.50 – $24.93 Dispatcher$11.62 $6.50 - $20.25 Maintenance Mgr$18.65 $7.50 - $33.39 Mechanic$15.94 $9.90 - $23.58 Maintenance Clerk$13.37 $6.68 - $21.15 Mechanic Assistant $11.73 $6.83 - $17.62 Maint.Utility Worker$11.63 $5.85 - $18.07 Bus Driver–CDL$11.19 $5.85 – $20.00 Bus Driver–non CDL $8.96 $5.85 – $16.18
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Wage Tables in Report 127
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Employee Benefits* Insurances Health – employees88% Health – family 63% Disability 52% Life73% Retirement Plan 78% Time Vacation 95% Sick Leave89% Compensatory Time48% Educational Opportunities 41% Wellness Program 27% *Generally provided on full time employees only
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Wages/Benefits Relative to Market 68% feel wages are about or above average for labor market (14% above and 54% about) 84% feel benefits are about or above average for labor market (44% above and 40% about) 11% average turnover rate Of the 43% that have staff shortages, almost all are short drivers Average unemployment rate was 5.4%
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Employee Attraction/Retention Transit System as Employer Strive to be Employer of Choice Proactive rather than reactive Prove you’re a good, stable employer Have an HR strategy even if no HR department Stages of the Employment Cycle – Integrating Recruiting Hiring Training and Development Retaining Exit Interviews
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Assessing Needs Assess needs Job Development Job descriptions/skills Qualifications/requirements Compensation package
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Recruiting Tailor to job requirements Common methods Newspaper ads Internet ads Employee/personal referrals On-vehicle recruiting Job fairs/newsletters Useful hints Keep a log of what gets responses Employment agencies Local community colleges Internships or apprenticeships Workforce development programs
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Hiring Pre-employment Screening Skills Drug/alcohol Personality tests Background checks Physicals Developing the Interview Interviewing Making an Offer
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Training Initial Training Language Training Probationary Period Re-training
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Retaining Compensation Performance Reviews Promotional Opportunities Recognition Personal and Professional Development On-going training Cross training Professional certificates Peer mentoring
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Retaining Employee “buy in” or Ownership Work Environment Open communications Management interaction Established policies and procedures Safety focus
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Successful Retention Strategies Extra days off for safe work environment Sick leave donations Retention bonus Personal leave instead of vacation and sick leave Flexible off-time for PT workers; allow PT workers to take off whenever they request Subsidized college-level classes
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Completing the Cycle Exit Interviews Organizational Health Assessments
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Computer Tool Computer-based tool on compensation – user friendly and menu driven User inputs – system and service area characteristics Tool Outputs Wage ranges similar systems and/or similar labor markets Benefits offered/subsidized in similar systems
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Computer Tool -Input Screen
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Computer Tool-Output Screen
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