1. Tree-Building

2. Methods in Tree Building Phylogenetic trees can be constructed by: clustering method optimality method

3. Clustering Method -follows a set of steps (an algorithm) and arrives at a tree. -easy to implement and resulting in very fast computer programmes. -always produces a single tree.

4. Clustering Method

5. limitations: -the result obtained from simple clustering algorithms often depends on the order in which the taxa added in a growing tree. -do not allow us to evaluate competing hypotheses (they merely produce a tree).

6. Optimality Method -Chooses among the set of all possible trees. -each tree is assigned a ‘score’ or rank which is function of the relationship between tree and data.

7. Optimality Method

8. Advantages: -requires an explicit function that relates data and tree. -allows to evaluate the quality of any tree. Disadvantages: -time consuming (infeasible for a tree with more than 20 taxa). Overcome by heuristic approach.

9. Heuristic Approach -to explore some subset of all the possible trees, in the hope that the subset will contain the optimal tree. -to start with a tree and rearrange it, keeping any rearrangement that produces a better tree – ‘hill-climbing’. -if a set of possible trees contains more than one island, the heuristic search may land on a suboptimal island, and the optimal island goes undiscovered.

10. Heuristic Approach Island A Island B

11. Comparing Tree-Building Methods Type of data UPGMANeighbour-Joining Maximum Parsimony Maximum Likelihood Minimum evolution Distance Nucleotide sites Tree building Optimality criterion Clustering algorithm