1. Solidifying Software Interfaces: Checkable Contracts Thomas Ball Testing, Verification and Measurement Microsoft Research http://research.microsoft.com/~tball/

2. The.NET Framework A Once in a Decade Change 198019902000 Richness Win16 Win32 COM MFC Components Services APIs Windows 3.0

3. Trustworthy Commitment Microsoft Cultural ShiftMicrosoft Cultural Shift –Thousands of hours spent in security reviews on.NET Framework to date –Foundstone, @Stake security reviews “Hardening” the.NET Framework“Hardening” the.NET Framework Making Security Easier for CustomersMaking Security Easier for Customers –Prescriptive Architectural Guidance –Feature changes in.NET Framework

4. Tools Client Application Model Windows Forms Web & Service Application Model ASP.NET Compact Framework Yukon Data Systems Application Model Presentation Mobile PC & Devices Application Model Communication Command Line NT Service System.Messaging System.DirectoryServices System.Runtime.Remotin g System.Windows.Forms System.Console System.ServiceProces s System.Windows.Form s System.Web System.Data.SqlServer HttpWebRequest FtpWebListener SslClientStream WebClient System.Net NetworkInformation Sockets Cache System.Windows.Forms Forms Control Print Dialog Design System.Web.UI Page Control HtmlControls MobileControls WebControls Adaptors Design System.Drawing System.Web.Service s Web.Service Description Discovery Protocols System.Timers System.Globalization System.Serialization System.Threading System.Text System.Design Serialization CompilerServices Base & Application Services Fundamentals System.ComponentModel System.CodeDom System.Reflection System.EnterpriseServices System.Transactions Security System.Web. Security AccessControl Credentials Cryptography System.Web.Configuration System.Configuration System.Resources System.Management System.Deployment System.Diagnostics ConfigurationDeployment/Management Ports InteropServices System.Runtime System.IO System.Collections Generic Permissions Policy Principal Token System.Security System.Web Administration Management.NET Framework Data System.Web Personalization Caching SessionState System.Xml Schema Serializatio n Xpath Query DataSet Mapping ObjectSpaces ObjectSpace Query Schema System.Data SqlClient SqlTypes SqlXML OdbcClient OleDbClient OracleClient

5. Client Implementation API But no contracts! Interfaces Everywhere!

6. 11. EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL AND CERTAIN OTHER DAMAGES. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR CONFIDENTIAL OR OTHER INFORMATION, FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, FOR PERSONAL INJURY, FOR LOSS OF PRIVACY, FOR FAILURE TO MEET ANY DUTY INCLUDING OF GOOD FAITH OR OF REASONABLE CARE, FOR NEGLIGENCE, AND FOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY OR OTHER LOSS WHATSOEVER) ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT, THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES, OR OTHERWISE UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY PROVISION OF THIS EULA, EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAULT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF CONTRACT OR BREACH OF WARRANTY OF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER, AND EVEN IF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.11. EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL AND CERTAIN OTHER DAMAGES. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR CONFIDENTIAL OR OTHER INFORMATION, FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, FOR PERSONAL INJURY, FOR LOSS OF PRIVACY, FOR FAILURE TO MEET ANY DUTY INCLUDING OF GOOD FAITH OR OF REASONABLE CARE, FOR NEGLIGENCE, AND FOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY OR OTHER LOSS WHATSOEVER) ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT, THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES, OR OTHERWISE UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY PROVISION OF THIS EULA, EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAULT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF CONTRACT OR BREACH OF WARRANTY OF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER, AND EVEN IF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Microsoft Powerpoint EULA Point 11 11. EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL AND CERTAIN OTHER DAMAGES. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR CONFIDENTIAL OR OTHER INFORMATION, FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, FOR PERSONAL INJURY, FOR LOSS OF PRIVACY, FOR FAILURE TO MEET ANY DUTY INCLUDING OF GOOD FAITH OR OF REASONABLE CARE, FOR NEGLIGENCE, AND FOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY OR OTHER LOSS WHATSOEVER) ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT, THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES, OR OTHERWISE UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY PROVISION OF THIS EULA, EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAULT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF CONTRACT OR BREACH OF WARRANTY OF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER, AND EVEN IF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.11. EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL AND CERTAIN OTHER DAMAGES. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR CONFIDENTIAL OR OTHER INFORMATION, FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, FOR PERSONAL INJURY, FOR LOSS OF PRIVACY, FOR FAILURE TO MEET ANY DUTY INCLUDING OF GOOD FAITH OR OF REASONABLE CARE, FOR NEGLIGENCE, AND FOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY OR OTHER LOSS WHATSOEVER) ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT, THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES, OR OTHERWISE UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY PROVISION OF THIS EULA, EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAULT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF CONTRACT OR BREACH OF WARRANTY OF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER, AND EVEN IF MICROSOFT OR ANY SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

7. The GPL 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

8. Is There any Program That Satisfies Its Contract?

9. Informal Contract: Sockets the "communication domain" in which communication is to take place; see protocols(5). Sockets of type SOCK_STREAM are full-duplex byte streams, similar to pipes. A stream socket must be in a connected state before any data may be sent or received on it. A con- nection to another socket is created with a connect(2) call. Once connected, data may be transferred using read(2V) and write(2V) calls or some variant of the send(2) and recv(2) calls. When a session has been completed a close(2V), may be performed. Out-of-band data may also be transmitted as described in send(2) and received as described in recv(2). The communications protocols used to implement a SOCK_STREAM insure that data is not lost or duplicated. If a piece of

10. What is an API Contract? Pre-conditionsPre-conditions –the conditions a client must establish before calling an API –“A filehandle must be in an open state before you call fread ” Post-conditionsPost-conditions –the conditions an implementation (of an API) must establish upon its termination –“If the file is present, fopen returns a filehandle in the open state”

11. Formalizing Contracts Pre/post conditionsPre/post conditions –Eiffel: “design by contract”, integrated into language –JML: pre/post language (in comments) MonitorsMonitors –security automata –SLIC - SLAM’s API rule language ModelsModels –ASML: separate modeling language

12. Why are Contracts Useful? Precision in specification & designPrecision in specification & design Separation of concernsSeparation of concerns DocumentationDocumentation Checking/TestingChecking/Testing –dynamic (run-time) –static (compile-time) Responsibility, enforceability, liability, …Responsibility, enforceability, liability, …

13. Why Now? Specifications are (still) a good idea!Specifications are (still) a good idea! –focus shifted to critical properties rather than full correctness Bug economicsBug economics Test automation wallTest automation wall Moore’s lawMoore’s law –abundant computational resources Advances in research and technologyAdvances in research and technology –model checking –program analysis –theorem proving –analysis infrastructures

14. Overview SLAM analysis engineSLAM analysis engine –Static Driver Verifier Other contract-checking toolsOther contract-checking tools –Vault (type checking) –ESC/Java (theorem proving) –ESP (dataflow analysis)

15. Source Code Testing Development Precise API Usage Rules (SLIC) Software Model Checking Read for understanding New API rules Drive testing tools Defects 100% path coverage Rules Static Driver Verifier

16. SLAM – Software Model Checking SLAM innovationsSLAM innovations –boolean programs: a new model for software –model creation (c2bp) –model checking (bebop) –model refinement (newton) SLAM toolkitSLAM toolkit –built on MSR program analysis infrastructure

17. SLIC Finite state language for stating rulesFinite state language for stating rules –monitors behavior of C code –temporal safety properties (security automata) –familiar C syntax Suitable for expressing control-dominated propertiesSuitable for expressing control-dominated properties –e.g. proper sequence of events –can encode data values inside state

18. State Machine for Locking UnlockedLocked Error Rel Acq Rel state { enum {Locked,Unlocked} enum {Locked,Unlocked} s = Unlocked; } KeAcquireSpinLock.entry { if (s==Locked) abort; if (s==Locked) abort; else s = Locked; else s = Locked;} KeReleaseSpinLock.entry { if (s==Unlocked) abort; if (s==Unlocked) abort; else s = Unlocked; else s = Unlocked;} Locking Rule in SLIC

19. The SLAM Process #include C2BP predicate abstraction boolean program Newton feasibility check Bebop reachability check Harness SLIC Rule + refinement predicates error path

20. do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); nPacketsOld = nPackets; if(request){ request = request->Next; KeReleaseSpinLock(); nPackets++; } } while (nPackets != nPacketsOld); KeReleaseSpinLock(); Example Does this code obey the locking rule?

21. do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); if(*){ KeReleaseSpinLock(); } } while (*); KeReleaseSpinLock(); Example Model checking boolean program (bebop) U L L L L U L U U U E

22. do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); nPacketsOld = nPackets; if(request){ request = request->Next; KeReleaseSpinLock(); nPackets++; } } while (nPackets != nPacketsOld); KeReleaseSpinLock(); Example Is error path feasible in C program? (newton) U L L L L U L U U U E

23. do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); nPacketsOld = nPackets; b = true; if(request){ request = request->Next; KeReleaseSpinLock(); nPackets++; b = b ? false : *; } } while (nPackets != nPacketsOld); !b KeReleaseSpinLock(); Example Add new predicate to boolean program (c2bp) b : (nPacketsOld == nPackets) U L L L L U L U U U E

24. do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); b = true; if(*){ KeReleaseSpinLock(); b = b ? false : *; } } while ( !b ); KeReleaseSpinLock(); b b b b Example Model checking refined boolean program (bebop) b : (nPacketsOld == nPackets) U L L L L U L U U U E b b !b

25. Example do { KeAcquireSpinLock(); b = true; if(*){ KeReleaseSpinLock(); b = b ? false : *; } } while ( !b ); KeReleaseSpinLock(); b : (nPacketsOld == nPackets) b b b b U L L L L U L U U b b !b Model checking refined boolean program (bebop)

26. Demo

27. SLAM Status 2000-20012000-2001 –foundations, algorithms, prototyping –papers in CAV, PLDI, POPL, SPIN, TACAS March 2002March 2002 –Bill Gates review May 2002May 2002 –Windows committed to hire two Ph.D.s in model checking to support Static Driver Verifier July 2002July 2002 –running SLAM on 100+ drivers, 20+ properties September 3, 2002 –made initial release of SDV to Windows (friends and family) April 1, 2003 –made wide release of SDV to Windows (any internal driver developer) September, 2003 –team of six in Windows working on SDV –researchers moving into “consultant” role November, 2003 –demonstration at Driver Developer Conference

28. SLAM Results Boolean program model has proved itselfBoolean program model has proved itself Successful for device driver contractsSuccessful for device driver contracts –control-dominated safety properties –few boolean variables needed to do proof or find real errors Counterexample-driven refinementCounterexample-driven refinement –terminates in practice –incompleteness of theorem prover not an issue

29. Other Ways to Check Contracts Type systemsType systems –Vault programming language –type system extended to allow simple pre/post Theorem provingTheorem proving –ESC/Java checker –uses JML specification language (rich pre/post conditions) Dataflow analysisDataflow analysis –ESP –uses SLIC-like state machine language

30. Conclusions The technology now exists for enforcing simple API contracts using static analysisThe technology now exists for enforcing simple API contracts using static analysis Rollout/adoptionRollout/adoption –first as out-of-band tools (i.e., SLAM, ESP, Fugue) –next as in-band tools (part of language/compiler)

31. Thanks To Software Productivity Tools group members –Sriram Rajamani (SLAM) –Rob DeLine, Manuel Fahndrich (Vault/Fugue) SLAM summer interns –Sagar Chaki, Todd Millstein, Rupak Majumdar (2000) –Satyaki Das, Wes Weimer, Robby (2001) –Jakob Lichtenberg, Mayur Naik (2002) –Jakob Lichtenberg, Shuvendu Lahiri, Georg Weissenbacher, Fei Xie (2003) SLAM Visitors –Giorgio Delzanno, Andreas Podelski, Stefan Schwoon Static Driver Verifier: Windows Partners –Byron Cook, John Henry, Vladimir Levin, Con McGarvey, Bohus Ondrusek, Abdullah Ustuner