1. 1 Types Object Oriented Programming 236703 Spring 2007

2. 2 Values 5 Color.RED "abc" new String[20] new Scanner("c:/temp/in.txt")‏c:/temp/in.txt new Properties()‏

3. 3 Supported Operations int x = 5; Color.RED == null "abc".equalsIgnoreCase("ABC")‏ (new String[20])[0] new Scanner("c:/temp/in.txt").next()‏c:/temp/in.txt new Properites(0).getProperty("a")‏

4. 4 Unsupported Operations int x = 5.9; Color.RED.equals(5,5)‏ "abc".remove(0)‏ (new String[20])[0][0] = "xyz"; new Scanner("c:/temp/in.txt") = nullc:/temp/in.txt Integer.parseInt(Properites(0))‏

5. 5 Dynamic Typing The dynamic typing approach:  Compile-time: Allow all operations  Run-time: Before carrying out an operation, check that it is supported by the value Requirement:  A run-time data structure that determines the “support” question Consequences:  Assignments to variables never fail  No need to define types (of variables, return types, etc.)‏  Flexibility  Run-time errors if we are not careful

6. 6 Static Typing The static typing approach:  Compile-time: Check that operations are correct  Run-time: Just carry out the operation The idea: The compiler “simulates” the evaluation of expressions  Compile-time computation of the type of the expression Corresponds to the run-time computation of the result of the expression If a type cannot be computed => Compilation error  The computed type of subexpressions is used in computing the type of bigger expressions

7. 7 Static Typing (cont.)‏ Requirements  Variables have types  Methods have return types  Assignments are checked by the compiler  Message sends are checked by the compiler Consequences  More type errors are detected at compile-time  Programmer must type more text  Not as flexible: “You can't always do what you want”  Invocation of an action is faster But this factor becomes less and less important...

8. 8 Supported? Yes/No? DT = Dynamic Typing; ST = Static Typing LinkedList w = new LinkedList(); w.addFirst("1"); // DT ST List x = new LinkedList(); x.addFirst("1"); // DT ST List y = new ArrayList(); y.addFirst("1"); // DT ST LinkedList z = new ArrayList(); // ST z.addFirst("1"); // DT interface List { void add(Object o); } class ArrayList implements List { void add(Object o) {... } } class LinkedList implements List { void addFirst(Object o) {... } void add(Object o) {... } }

9. 9 What is a Type? Theoretically a type is defined as a set of values A more practical definition: A function that maps a value to either “yes”/”no”  The type is the set of all sources that are mapped to “yes” The compiler usually represents types as a directed graph  Two types of nodes: Messages, Types  Edges are labeled (ordinal numbers)‏  A type node has outgoing edges to all messages it can receive  A message node has outgoing edges to its return type, types of its parameters

10. 10 Type Checking: Statically Typed Language Occurs when the compiler encounters an assignment  (Parameter passing is actually a sequence of assignments) void f(F f) { R r = f; // <- Type checking... } The idea: Compare the set of messages of F, R In Java:  A subtype shares messages with its supertypes  The sets are compared for inclusion (not equality)‏

11. 11 Subtyping Schemes Nominal subtyping: A type Y shares messages with X if Y declares X as a super type  A fixed set of super types Structural conformance: A type Y shares messages with X if the messages have the same signature  One node for all messages of with the same signature  Regardless of where the messages are defined  An unlimited set of super types  This is actually a recursive definition

12. 12 Nominal vs. Structural N = Nominal; S = Structural public interface R1 { public void a(); } public interface R2 { public void a(); } public interface F extends R1 { public void b(); } void g(F f) { R1 r1 = f; // N: S: R2 r2 = f; // N: S:... }

13. 13 Typing Holes Recall: A type system should prevent us from applying an operation to a value that does not support it Is it really so? public class A { void f() {... } }.. void g(A a) { a.f(); } What values (of the variable a ) will not support the operation a.f() ?

14. 14 Typing Strength Strong typing:  An unbreakable association between a value and its type Weak typing:  One can change the value-type association Modern languages: Strong typing  With either static or dynamic type checking