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Computer Hardware In this lecture, we will study:
The hardware components of an information system: CPU (central processing unit) Memory (primary and secondary storage) Input devices Output devices. The classification of computers by power. Strategic issues regarding hardware.
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU Control Unit ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers Primary Storage Communication Devices Secondary Storage
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The CPU (continued) A microprocessor that executes instructions to perform processing tasks. Component parts are: Control Unit Arithmetic-Logic Unit Registers Primary Storage Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU
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The CPU (continued) Control Unit Access program instructions
Decode (interpret) instructions Control flow of data throughout system Data flows through paths called buses Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU
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The CPU (continued) Arithmetic-Logic Unit Perform computations on data
Perform comparisons on data Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU
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The CPU (continued) Registers High speed storage areas
Hold data and instructions Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU
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The CPU (continued) Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Stores instructions from programs Stores data to be processed Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU
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The CPU (continued) Machine Instruction Cycle
An instruction is fetched from primary storage by the Control Unit The Control Unit decodes the instruction The ALU receives the data and the instruction and performs the calculation or comparison The result is stored in primary storage.
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The CPU (continued) Computer performance is measured in part by the number of Machine Instruction Cycles performed per second. Factors affecting this performance include: Clock Speed Word Length Bus Width Line Width
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The CPU (continued) Microprocessors evolved rapidly due to
Miniaturation of transistors Decreasing distance between transistors on the chip (decreasing line width) Improved conductivity (flow) of electricity Improved instruction sets programmed into the chip. Smaller, faster, cheaper, more powerful chips with each generation.
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Computer Memory The CPU ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers
Control Unit ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers Primary Storage Communication Devices Secondary Storage
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Computer Memory Basics
Computers are digital, and represent data in bit patterns Bit is shorthand for Binary digIT. The binary system consists of two values: 0 & 1 8 bits = byte Bytes are the basic measure of storage in computers ASCII Code assigns a unique character to each pattern of 0s &1s in a byte. Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, Terabytes
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Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Main memory is a temporary storage area that holds three things… information you are working with the application software you are using the operating system software Increasing memory capacity increases the performance of the system
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Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Types of Primary Storage Registers – part of the CPU; very fast; very limited capacity Random Access Memory (RAM) – memory chips on motherboard; general storage of program instructions and data; volatile Cache Memory – faster than RAM; used to provide intermediate storage between secondary storage and RAM Read-only Memory (ROM) – chips storing permanent instructions needed by computer; non-volatile
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Secondary Storage Non-volatile storage of data and instructions
Huge storage capacity Cheaper than Primary Storage Slower than Primary Storage Magnetic and optical storage media
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Secondary Storage Types
Magnetic tape Cheap, slow, sequential access: good for backup Magnetic Disk Floppy Hard disk Zip drive Memory Cards and Cartridges Optical CD-ROM, CD-RW DVD FMD-ROM
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Storage for the Enterprise
Enterprise Storage Systems – provide coordinated, secure, managed storage for all enterprise data. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) Storage area network Network-attached storage Storage Service Providers – third party storage utilities
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Computer Classifications
Computers are commonly classified by their processing power: Supercomputers Mainframes Midrange Workstations Microcomputers Computing appliances Classification boundaries are blurred.
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Computer Classifications
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Input Technology The CPU ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers
Control Unit ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers Primary Storage Communication Devices Secondary Storage
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Input Technologies Human-oriented Automated Keyboard Mice / trackball
Touch screens Stylus Joystick Microphone Automated ATMs POSs Optical Scanners OMR MICR OCR Voice recognition Sensors Cameras
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Output Technology The CPU ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers
Control Unit ALU Input Devices Output Devices Registers Primary Storage Communication Devices Secondary Storage
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Output Technologies Monitors Printers Voice Multimedia
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Strategic Hardware Issues
Productivity Will employees’ personal productivity increase as microprocessor power and speed increases? Changing Work Styles Will new work styles will benefit employees and the firm as a whole? New Products and Services Is the organization ready and able to take advantage of the new products and services that hardware advances may make possible for the business? Improved Communication Is the organization ready to use multimedia for knowledge sharing?
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Lecture Summary Basic role and function of the CPU
Primary and secondary storage Classifications of computers based on processing power Variety and purpose of input devices Variety and purpose of output devices Consideration of strategic issues raised by the advances in hardware technology
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