1. History of Medicine Medicine Before the Greeks

2. A Brief History of Medicine: Doc, I Have an Earache 2000 BCE: Here, eat this root 1000 BCE: That root is heathen, say this prayer 1850 CE: Prayer is superstition, drink this potion 1930 CE: That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill 1970 CE: That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic 2000 CE: That antibiotic is artificial, eat this root

3. Course Themes  Medical history of humanity  How medical history has changed  History of health professions  Interconnections between medicine and society

4. Prehistoric Evidence of Disease States  Primarily skeletal  Interpretation of findings must be done with care

5. Degenerative Changes  Osteoarthritis

6. Developmental Deformities  Clubfoot

7. Developmental Deformities  Dwarfism

8. Infections  Leprosy

9. Infections  Syphilis

10. Neoplasms  Bone Cancer

11. Injuries  Skull fracture

12. Deficiency Diseases  Rickets

13. Surgery  Trephination

14. Transition to Agricultural Lifestyle  Transformation in human medical history  Increased risk of infections –Crowding –Increased exposure to animals –Increased production of waste –Attraction for rodents, insects

15. New Infectious Diseases  Tuberculosis  Measles  Common cold  Polio  Salmonella

16. Rise of Cities  Increased crowding  Advent of crowd diseases  Importation of disease along trade routes

17. Increased Social Stratification  Scribes and officials  Healers  Differential impacts on health related to socio-economic status

18. Evidence About Human Health from Artifacts  Written documents –Papyri (Egypt) –Clay tablets (Mesopotamia)

19. Mummies  Smallpox identified in the mummy of Ramses II

20. Statues  Tuberculosis depicted in a statuette

21. Carvings  Depiction of an individual who had contracted ? Polio in a relief carving

22. Carvings  Circumcision depicted in relief carving

23. Early Greek Medicine  Homer  Asclepius  Rise of temples devoted to health

24. General Insights into Medicine in the Ancient World  Well developed skills  Not based on theory as we understand it  Seamless integration of medicine, magic, & religion  Transmission of knowledge between generations of practitioners

25. What’s Missing?