1. Carbon Cycling (Fig. 31.26)

2. Nitrogen Cycling (Fig. 31.24)

3. Biomes

4. Fish - one hundred Beetles - one thousand Daphnia - hundreds of thousands Protozoa - millions Parasites and predators - tens of thousands Insect herbivores - thousands Oak tree - one Parasites and predators - 100g Herbivores - 5 kg Oak tree - 30 tonnes Primary carnivores (pelagic fish) - 1.8 Herbivores (zooplankton) -1.5 Producers (phytoplankton) - 0.4 Primary carnivores - 0.0016 Herbivores - 0.15 Producers - 0.4 a) b) c) d) e)

7. Alder, Alnus sinuata Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Mountain avens, Dryas drummondi Willow, salix Liverworts Lichens River beauty Epilobium (rare) Horsetail Equisetum Blue-green algae Dryas 7.0 5.3 7.3 2.8 Alder 8.8 21.8 6.8 277 Pioneer 5.2 3.8 7.2 1.5 Soil depth (cm) Soil N (gm ) Soil pH -2 -2 -1 Spruce, Picea sitchensis Western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla Seral stage Litterfall (gm yr ) Spruce 15.1 53.3 3.6 261 5 4060 200 Time (years) since retreat of glacier

8. Global Plant Diversity <100 species per 10 4 km >5000 species per 10 4 km

9. Elton and Nicholson, 1942

11. Lepp & Schmidt, 2004

12. Demographics - survivorship curve

13. Demographics - life table