1. Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Chapter 6
Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships

2. The Contribution Format
Used primarily for external reporting.
Used primarily by management.

4. Practice… (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Per Unit Var. Cost Total Total Total
Operating
Selling
Per
Units CM
Fixed
Income
Price
Unit
Sold
Costs
$30
120,000
$720,000
$640,000 $ 10 $6
100,000
$320,000 $9
80,000 $
160,000
$120,000

5. Contribution-Margin Ratio
Sales revenue, variable expenses and contribution for Micro Wave can be expressed as a percentage of sales

6. Pop Quiz
Tasty Bagel is a snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average.
What is the CM Ratio for Tasty Bagel? a b c d

7. Contribution Margin Method to Determine Break-even
The contribution margin method is a variation of the equation method.
Fixed expenses
Unit contribution margin =
Break-even point
in units sold
Break-even point in
total sales dollars
Fixed expenses
CM ratio =

8. Pop Quiz a. 872 bagels b. 3,611 bagels c. 1,200 bagels d. 1,150 bagels
Tasty Bagel is a snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average.
What is the break-even sales in units?
a bagels
b. 3,611 bagels
c. 1,200 bagels
d. 1,150 bagels

9. Pop Quiz
Tasty Bagel is a snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average.
What is the break-even sales in dollars?
a. $1,300
b. $1,715
c. $1,788
d. $3,129

10. CVP Graph
Total Sales
Total Expenses
Dollars
Fixed expenses
Units

11. CVP Graph
Profit Area
Dollars
Break-even point
Loss Area
Units

12. Break-even Reduction
Micro is currently selling 500 ovens per month. Break-even units are 400 per month under the current cost structure.
What would be the break-even units if fixed costs decrease to $70,000?
What would be the break-even units if variable costs were reduced to $250?
What would be the break-even units if selling price was increased to $513.33?

13. Target Operating Profit - CM Approach
Original contribution margin formula:
Break Even Point in Units = Fixed Expenses Contribution Margin per Unit
Target operating profit modification:
Units Sold to Earn Target Profit = Fixed Expenses +Target Op. Profit Unit Contribution Margin

14. Pop Quiz a. 3,363 bagels b. 2,212 bagels c. 1,150 bagels
Tasty Bagel is a snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300.
How many bagels would have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month?
a. 3,363 bagels
b. 2,212 bagels
c. 1,150 bagels
d. 4,200 bagels

15. Should the increase in advertising be made?
Sensitivity Analysis – Fixed Costs
Micro Wave Co. is currently selling 500 ovens per month
The sales manager believes that an increase of $10,000 in the monthly advertising budget would increase sales of ovens to 540 per month
Should the increase in advertising be made?

16. Change in Variable Costs and Sales Volume
Micro Wave management is contemplating the use of higher-quality components, which would increase variable costs by $15 per oven. However, the sales manager predicts that the overall higher quality would increase sales to 600 ovens per month. Should the higher quality components be used?

17. Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price, and Sales Volume
To increase sales, the sales manager would like to cut the selling price by $40 per oven and increase the advertising budget by $30,000 per month. The sales manager believes that if these two steps are taken, unit sales will increase by 60% to 800 ovens per month. Should the changes be made?

18. Change in Variable Cost, Fixed Cost, and Sales Volume
The sales manager would like to place the sales staff on commission basis of $40 per oven sold, rather than on flat salaries that now total $10,000 per month. The sales manager is confident that the change will increase monthly sales by 15% to 575 ovens per month. Should the change be made?

19. Change in Regular Sales Price
The company has an opportunity to make a bulk sale of 200 ovens to a wholesaler if an acceptable price can be worked out. This sale would not have any effect on the company’s regular sales. What price per oven should be quoted to the wholesaler if Micro wants to increase its Operating profits by $5,000?

20. The Margin of Safety
Excess of budgeted (or actual) sales over the break-even volume of sales. The amount by which sales can drop before losses begin to be incurred.
Margin of safety = Total sales - Break-even sales
Let’s calculate the margin of safety for Micro

21. The Margin of Safety
Micro has a break-even point of $200,000. If actual sales are $250,000, the margin of safety is $50,000 or 100 ovens.

22. The Margin of Safety
The margin of safety can be expressed as 20% of sales. ($50,000 ÷ $250,000)

23. Pop Quiz a. 3,250 bagels b. 950 bagels c. 1,150 bagels d. 2,100 bagels
Tasty Bagel is a snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average.
What is the margin of safety?
a. 3,250 bagels
b bagels
c. 1,150 bagels
d. 2,100 bagels

24. Cost Structure and Profitability
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Amount %
Sales
$800,000
100%
Variable Expenses
400,000
50%
300,000
37.5%
200,000
25%
Contribution Margin
500,000
62.5%
600,000
75%
Fixed Expenses
Op. Income
$ 100,000

25. Effect on Profit of 10% Increase in Sales Revenue
Contribution Margin Ratio
Increase in Op.Income
Alpha
$80, X
50% =
$40,000
+40%
Beta
62.5% =
$50,000
+50%
Gamma
75% =
$60,000
+60%

26. Break-Even Points Fixed Expenses $300,000 / $400,000 / $500,000 /
$300, /
$400, /
$500, /
Contribution Margin Ratio
50% =
62.5% =
75% =
Break-Even Sales Revenue
$600,000
$640,000
$666,667
Alpha
Beta
Gamma

27. Break-Even Sales Revenue
Margin of Safety
Actual Sales Revenue
Break-Even Sales Revenue
Margin of
Safety
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
$800,
800,
800,
$600, =
640, =
666, =
$200,000
160,000
133,333

28. Definition of Operating Leverage
The relative mix of a firm’s fixed and variable costs determines its operating leverage.
At a given level of sales:
Degree of operating = Contribution Margin
leverage Operating Income
The higher a firm’s fixed cost as compared to its variable cost, the greater its operating leverage.
Operating leverage acts like a multiplier. The greater the operating leverage, the greater the change in operating income for a given change in sales.
Let’s calculate the operating leverage for each firm.

29. Application of Operating Leverage
At a given level of sales, the operating leverage is a measure of how a given percentage change in sales will affect operating profits.
In fact, the operating profit will increase by the operating leverage times the percentage change in sales.
For a 10% increase in sales , Firm Alpha’s operating income increased 40% (4 times 10%).
For a 10% increase in sales , Firm Beta’s operating income increased 50% (5 times 10%).
For a 10% increase in sales , Firm Gamma’s operating income increased 60% (6 times 10%).

30. Pop Quiz
Tasty Bagel is an snack shop in a strip mall. The average selling price of a bagel is $1.49 and the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average. What is the operating leverage?
a. 2.21
b. 0.45
c. 0.34
d. 2.92

31. Pop Quiz
At Tasty Bagel the average selling price of a bagel is $1.49, the average variable expense per bagel is $0.36, and the average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 bagels are sold each month on average.
If sales increase by 20%, by how much should operating income increase?
a. 30.0%
b. 20.0%
c. 22.1%
d. 44.2%

32. Break-even Analysis (in Units) with Multiple Products
Curl Company provides us with the following information:
Fixed cost is $120,000. What is the break-even point in units? What are the sales of Surfboards and Sailboards at the break-even point?

33. POP QUIZ Variable production costs per unit
Mark Corporation produces two models of calculators. The Business model sells for $60, and the Math model sells for $40. The variable expenses are given below:
Business
Math
Model
Variable production costs per unit
$15
$16
Variable selling and administrative expenses per unit $9 $6
The fixed expenses are $75,000 per month. The expected monthly sales of each model are: Business, 1,000 units; Math, 500 units.
The break-even point for the expected sales mix is (round to nearest whole unit):
A) 833 of each
B) 1,667 Business and 833 Math
C) 1,667 of each
D) 833 Business and 1,667 Math

34. Break-even Analysis (in Sales Dollars) with Multiple Products
Curl’s Contribution Margin income statement is shown below:
$150,000
$450,000
= 33.3%
What is the break-even point in Sales? What are the sales of Surfboards and Sailboards at the break-even point?

35. Break-even Analysis (in Sales Dollars) with Multiple Products
A Shift in Sales Mix
$165,000
$450,000
= 36.7%
What is the break-even point in Sales? How does it compare with the previous amount?

36. Pop Quiz

37. Assumptions Underlying CVP Analysis
Selling price is constant throughout the entire relevant range
Costs are linear over the relevant range (costs can be divided into variable and fixed)
In multi-product companies, the sales mix is constant
In manufacturing firms, inventories do not change (units produced = units sold)