1. Bioinformatics Gene Introduction 2 2003 Oct NTUST

2. Key Organic Molecules Are Used By Living Systems  Many Components of Biochemical Macromoleculaes Can Be Produced in Simple Prebiotic Reactions ~1 billions years after Earth ’ s formation, life appeared. The Urey-Miller experiment. 1950, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

3. Products of Prebiotic Synthesis  Amino Acids Produced in the Urey-Miller experiment.

4. Prebiotic Synthesis of a Nucleic Acid Component  Adenine can be generated by the condensation of HCN.

5. Genetic Material  A nucleotide contains : A five-carbon sugar molecules One or more phosphate groups A nitrogenous base

6. Ribose and Deoxyribose

7. Backbone of DNA and RNA

8. Purines and Pyrimidines

9. Watson-Crick base pairs

11. X-ray Diffraction Photography of a Hydrated DNA Fiber

12. Watson-Crick Model of Double Helical DNA

13. The Double Helix

14. DNA  RNA  Protein

15. Complementarity Between mRNA and DNA

16. Promoter Sites for Transcription- Prokaryotic Genes

17. Promoter Sites for Transcription- Eukaryotic Genes

18. RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (I) I

19. RNA Template-directed Polypeptide Synthesis Links the RNA and Protein Worlds (II) II III

20. Attachment of a Amino Acid to a tRNA Molecule

21. Symbolic Diagram of an Aminoacyl- tRNA

22. The Features of the Genetic Code  Three nucleotides encode an amino acid  The code is nonoverlapping  The code has no punctuation  The genetic code is degenerate

23. The code is nonoverlapping

24. The code has no punctuation

25. The genetic code is degenerate

26. Initiation of Protein Synthesis- Prokaryotes

27. Initiation of Protein Synthesis- Eukaryotes

30. Transcription and Processing of beta-globin Gene

31. Consensus Sequence for the Splicing of mRNA Precursors

32. Bioinformatics Evolution

33. Structural Similarity Often Follow Functional Similarity

34. Angiogenin is Highly Similar to Ribonuclease

35. Two Classes of Homologs

36. Amino Acid Sequences

38. Alignment with Gap Insertion

39. The Generation of a Shuffled* Sequence * Randomly rearranged

40. Statistical Comparison of Alignment Scores

41. A Graphic View of the Blosum-62 Substitution Matrix

42. Alignment with Conservative Substitutions Noted

43. The odds: 1/20 The odds: 1/300

44. Alignment of Myoglobin and Leghemoglobin 23% identical

45. Database Can Be Searched to Identify Homologous Sequences database

46. Tertiary Structure Is More Conserved Than Primary Structure

47. The Structures of Actin and Hsp-70 Heat Shock Protein 70: assists protein folding Cytoskeleton

48. Convergent Evolution of Protease Active Site

49. Structures of Chymotrypsin and Subtilisin

50. Evolutionary Trees Can Be Constructed On the Basis of Sequence Information