1. 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene AP Mesh – History and Application Today Version 1.0

2. 222 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia Interconnection between ISPs is at the heart of the Internet. The objective of the Internet is transparent end-to- end connectivity. Yet, Interconnecting ISPs within Asia and Pacific has been an up hill struggle. If it was cost effective to build a APII, it would have already been built.

3. 333 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia Four factors are the primary inhibitors to ISPs interconnecting in Asia and Pacific: Price or International Private Lease Circuits between Asian and Pacific Countries Circuit prices between AP countries have usually been higher than the equivalent circuit to the US. Regional Competition Everyone want to be the regional hub. Multitude of language and cultures Someone who reads and speaks Chinese will not be browsing Hindi content in India. Sustainable Business case which would justify the economics of the interconnection

4. 444 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia No true Pan Asian Internet backbone will exist until this problem is addressed. No true Pan Asian Internet backbone will exist until this problem is addressed. Links between countries in Asia are in general more expensive then the same Mbps link to the US. Links between countries in Asia are in general more expensive then the same Mbps link to the US. $ $ $ $ $ Result: Asian ISPs use the US West Cost as the hub because it is more cost effective - despite the performance impact of crossing the Pacific Ocean twice!

5. 555 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia What is needed? A way to interconnect that is cost effective, adds value, encourages traffic growth, and can scale…… The answer is ……. AP Mesh AP Mesh

6. 666 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia What is AP Mesh? It is a term used to describe a bi-lateral peering methodology. It is a a minute subset of existing bi-lateral telephony interconnection technique and applying it to interconnection ISPs in Asia. It mitigates some of the effects of the high inter-country bandwidth cost in Asia. It is a technique that works. AP Mesh

7. 777 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia AP Mesh A informal Internet Backbone effort informally launched by KDD and SingTel in 1996 Based off comprehensive analysis of profit margins of existing services that use backbones in the region (X.25, TCP/IP, Frame Relay, FAX, and IDD Voice). Took the best of the international telephony network’s bi-lateral arrangements to construct a flexible model of building a scaleable backbone based on proven success. Build bi-lateral business cases for interconnection between major Telcos in the region - similar to IDD Voice Interconnect. AP Mesh

8. 888 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia AP Mesh (Cont.) Start small (128K) with link QoS. Upgrade when QoS is exceeded. Hence, backbone link is gradually upgraded when real bandwidth requirements exist. Performance increases from the latency reduction compensate for the gradual increase of bandwidth. Stack services on top of the link basic interconnect agreement. Examples: VPNRoamingOSS Web Co-location Proxy/Cache USENET News VoIPVideo Conferencing AP Mesh Dated The 1996 List

9. 999 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Principle #1 – Joint Business Risk Each pays for their 1/2 circuit. Each party open to join other backbones. Each party can compete with each other as a regional Internet Hub while enjoying the benefits of mutual collaboration. Result - Regional interconnection at a faction of the cost! Private Interconnects in Asia ISP 1/2 circuit $$ AP Mesh

10. 10 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Principle #2 – Institutionalize Business Growth Quality Levels can be build into the interconnection agreement. Each party monitors the link with SNMP. When the average utilization reaches a agreed threshold, the circuit is upgraded. Private Interconnects in Asia ISP Threshold Upgrade AP Mesh

11. 11 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Principle #3 - Upgrades are incremental Typically, 128 Kbps is used to start the relationship. As the traffic pattern and trends are established, automatic incremental upgrade will take the circuit from 128Kbps to 256 Kbps, to 512 Kbps, to 2 Mbps, etc. Private Interconnects in Asia ISP Threshold AP Mesh

12. 12 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Each party open to create tri-lateral and/or settlement based on the number of routes. Allow three links to be configured (via BGP) for mutual backup. More cost effective way of providing redundancy vs the old PSTN circuit stand-by technique. Private Interconnects in Asia ISP C ISP B ISP A X Backup for ISP A & C AP Mesh

13. 13 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Once the bi-lateral connection is installed, services are added that would fill the link with inflows of revenue. Example - VPNs Each party can sell VPN services with or without the cooperation of the partner. With cooperation, service level agreements an premium services can be offered. Private Interconnects in Asia ISP Company A Company B Company A Company B AP Mesh

14. 14 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene * Access One * AAPT (Connect.Com) * ChinaNet * Chunghwa Telecom (HiNet) * Dacom * Hong Kong Telecom * IDC (Japan) * ITJ (Japan) * KDD * Korean Telecom (KorNet) * Jaring (MIMOS) * SingTel/STIX * Telekom Malaysia * Telstra * VSNL Copyright © 1998 Barry Raveendran Greene AP Mesh 1997 1997

15. 15 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Private Interconnects in Asia AP Mesh solves the #2 problem with a APII …. Everyone wants to be the hub. With the AP Mesh peering technique, ISPs and Telcos can have a wide range of regional connectivity and be perceived as the regional hub …. from their point of view ….. For example, Hong Kong Telecom, KDD, Singapore Telecom, and Telstra all appear the be the regional hub - from their point of view. AP Mesh 1997 1997

16. 16 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Copyright © 1998 Barry Raveendran Greene Hong Kong Telecom AP Mesh 1997 1997

17. 17 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Copyright © 1998 Barry Raveendran Greene Singapore Telecom STIX & SingTel IX AP Mesh 1997 1997

18. 18 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Copyright © 1998 Barry Raveendran Greene AP Mesh 1997 1997

19. 19 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Copyright © 1998 Barry Raveendran Greene Telstra Big Pond AP Mesh 1997 1997

20. 20 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene When to Interconnect? Netflow, Netflow, Netflow. Your Government's Economic Trade Figures Moving the US Tie Circuits.

21. 21 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene NetFlow Version 5 — Flow Format Source IP Address Destination IP Address Packet Count Byte Count Packet Count Byte Count Usage QoS Time of Day Application Port Utilization From/To Routing and Peering Input ifIndex Output ifIndex Input ifIndex Output ifIndex Type of Service TCP Flags Protocol Type of Service TCP Flags Protocol Start sysUpTime End sysUpTime Start sysUpTime End sysUpTime Source TCP/UDP Port Destination TCP/UDP Port Source TCP/UDP Port Destination TCP/UDP Port Next Hop Address Source AS Number Dest. AS Number Source Prefix Mask Dest. Prefix Mask Next Hop Address Source AS Number Dest. AS Number Source Prefix Mask Dest. Prefix Mask Source IP Address Destination IP Address Source IP Address Destination IP Address

22. 22 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Total Visibility Into What is Traversing the Link

23. 23 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Follow the Existing Money

24. 24 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Moving the Tie Circuits

25. 25 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. POC Barry Raveendran Greene Summary AP Mesh is a technique that worked – is working today – and is not rocket science. It is a system driven by business requirements.