1. Students with Speech and Language Disorders Chapter 9 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2006 Allyn & Bacon

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Development of the Field Early work (early 19 th c.) with individuals who were deaf and those who stuttered First U.S. textbook published in 1802 Organizations for speech therapists developed in the early 1900s Early speech therapy focused on production of speech Current stress is on communication

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 IDEA Definition of Speech or Language Impairment …a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Communication The exchange of information and knowledge among participants Requires a message, a sender, a receiver, and a channel Communication requires interaction between the sender and the receiver

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Language The system of symbols that individuals use for communication Expressive Language Receptive Language

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 5 Components of Language Phonology Morphology Syntax Form Semantics Content Pragmatics Function

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Language Disorders Central Auditory Processing Disorder Specific language impairment Language delay Aphasia

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Dimensions of Speech Voice Pitch, intensity, quality Resonance Articulation Fluency Speech disorders can occur in all of these areas

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Prevalence 19% of all students receiving special education Slightly more boys than girls Does not include students who receive speech and language therapy as a related service

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Causes of Speech and Language Disorders Biological causes Physical causes Emotional causes Brain injury Heredity Environmental causes Neglect or abuse Poverty, malnutrition

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cognitive and Academic Characteristics Problems occur across the entire range of cognitive abilities Problems may affect a student’s learning High risk of reading difficulties for students with speech and language delays

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Social/Emotional Characteristics Students may have low self- esteem Students may experience social isolation Students may develop behavior problems

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Speech Assessments Formal tests of articulation Spontaneous language samples Developmental history Examination of mouth, teeth, palate

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Language Assessments Formal and informal assessments Samples of student’s written schoolwork Observations Precautions necessary when assessing students whose first language is not English

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Early Childhood Education Most critical time for speech and language development Early intervention is very important Services may occur through a pullout model or in the context of a preschool or kindergarten setting

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Elementary and Secondary Education Most students spend the majority of the day in regular classrooms Indirect services are provided to teachers Direct services are provided to students Inclusive practices should be standard Collaboration between teachers and therapists is essential

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Communication and Technology Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Unaided – sign language Aided – depends on equipment or materials Communication board Computer with speech processor Word prediction software

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Issues Which Affect the Field Identifying and addressing speech and language disorders in a multicultural society Identifying and working with students with Central Auditory Processing Disorder