1. The Biology of Desire Hormones and Sexual Response Hormones and Sexual Response Testosterone is associated with sexual activity Testosterone is associated with sexual activity Sexual Activity is associated with testosterone Sexual Activity is associated with testosterone Arousal and Orgasm Arousal and Orgasm Women and men are alike in their anatomy and sexuality. Women and men are alike in their anatomy and sexuality.

2. The Biology of Desire Hormones and Sexual Response Hormones and Sexual Response Testosterone is associated with sexual activity Testosterone is associated with sexual activity Sexual Activity is associated with testosterone Sexual Activity is associated with testosterone Arousal and Orgasm Arousal and Orgasm Alfred Kinsey (1953) Alfred Kinsey (1953) Pioneer of sexual research dispelling myths about women’s sexuality (survey and interview research). Pioneer of sexual research dispelling myths about women’s sexuality (survey and interview research). Women and men are alike in their anatomy and sexuality. Women and men are alike in their anatomy and sexuality. Women have a lesser sexual capacity due to biology Women have a lesser sexual capacity due to biology

3. The Biology of Desire II Arousal and Orgasm (continued) Arousal and Orgasm (continued) Masters and Johnson (1960’s) Masters and Johnson (1960’s) Confirmed male and female similarities in biology through observation Confirmed male and female similarities in biology through observation Identified Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycle (see following slides Identified Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycle (see following slides Excitement Excitement Plateau Plateau Orgasm Orgasm Resolution Resolution Women’s capacity for sexual response “infinitely surpassed that of men. Women’s capacity for sexual response “infinitely surpassed that of men. They overestimate women’s capacity while Kinsey underestimated They overestimate women’s capacity while Kinsey underestimated Debates about biological differences continue today between biological and environmental psychologists Debates about biological differences continue today between biological and environmental psychologists

7. Pre-marital Sex General trend is towards earlier first sexual experiences. General trend is towards earlier first sexual experiences. Rates of intercourse decreased in adolescents during the 1990’s Rates of intercourse decreased in adolescents during the 1990’s Trend towards sex being okay outside of marriage as long as there is love or “permissive with affection” standard Trend towards sex being okay outside of marriage as long as there is love or “permissive with affection” standard Men are more likely than women to enjoy sex without intimacy Men are more likely than women to enjoy sex without intimacy

10. The Biology of Desire II Arousal and Orgasm (continued) Arousal and Orgasm (continued) Masters and Johnson Masters and Johnson Confirmed male and female similarities in biology Confirmed male and female similarities in biology Identified Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycle (see following slides Identified Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycle (see following slides Desire Desire Excitement Excitement Orgasm Orgasm Resolution Resolution Women’s capacity for sexual response “infinitely surpassed that of men. Women’s capacity for sexual response “infinitely surpassed that of men. They overestimate women’s capacity while Kinsey underestimated They overestimate women’s capacity while Kinsey underestimated Debates about biological differences continue today between biological and environmental psychologists Debates about biological differences continue today between biological and environmental psychologists

11. Differences Between Males and Females Males tend to be more visual Males tend to be more visual Socialization of Males and Females Socialization of Males and Females Anatomy differences Anatomy differences

12. The Psychology of Desire Brain as a sex organ Brain as a sex organ Perception Perception Culture Influences are Sexual Desire Culture Influences are Sexual Desire Kissing Kissing Body Parts as Erotic Body Parts as Erotic Joyful or Dirty Joyful or Dirty How does your culture influence our desire? How does your culture influence our desire? Sexual Scripts- sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender. Sexual Scripts- sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender. Gender Roles- rules that determine proper attitudes and behavior for men and women Gender Roles- rules that determine proper attitudes and behavior for men and women What are the sexual scripts of your culture? What are the sexual scripts of your culture?

13. The Psychology of Desire Many Motives for Sex Many Motives for Sex Enhancement (emotional satisfaction and pleasure) Enhancement (emotional satisfaction and pleasure) Intimacy (emotional closeness with the partner) Intimacy (emotional closeness with the partner) Coping (dealing with negative emotions) Coping (dealing with negative emotions) Self-affirmation (reassurance) Self-affirmation (reassurance) Partner Approval (desire to please or appease) Partner Approval (desire to please or appease) Peer Approval (with to impress friends Peer Approval (with to impress friends 50% women and 26% men reported consenting to unwanted sex (O’Sullivan & Allgeier, 1998) 50% women and 26% men reported consenting to unwanted sex (O’Sullivan & Allgeier, 1998) Peer pressure, fear of rejection, etc.. Peer pressure, fear of rejection, etc..

15. Sexual Coercion and Rape Laumann et. al., 1994 Study Laumann et. al., 1994 Study 25% women reported that a man- usually a husband or boyfriend- had forced them to do something sexually that they did not want to. 25% women reported that a man- usually a husband or boyfriend- had forced them to do something sexually that they did not want to. 3% of men reported they had ever forced a women into a sexual act. 3% of men reported they had ever forced a women into a sexual act. Obviously what many women regard as coercion is not always seen as coercive by men Obviously what many women regard as coercion is not always seen as coercive by men How do you explain these findings? How do you explain these findings? What motivates individuals to rape? What motivates individuals to rape? Peer approval, anger or desire to dominate, personality traits, sadistic pleasure, etc… Peer approval, anger or desire to dominate, personality traits, sadistic pleasure, etc…

16. Sexual Dysfunction Definition- Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it. Definition- Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it. Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Four Phases of Human Sexual Response Excitement Excitement Plateau Plateau Orgasm Orgasm Resolution Resolution

17. Sexual Dysfunction: Prevalence Altogether 45% of men and 55% of women reported some dysfunction during the last year. Altogether 45% of men and 55% of women reported some dysfunction during the last year. Women Women 33% report lack of sexual interest 33% report lack of sexual interest 24% report inability to experience orgasm 24% report inability to experience orgasm Men Men 29% reported climaxing to early 29% reported climaxing to early 17% reported sexual anxiety 17% reported sexual anxiety 16% reported lack of sexual interest 16% reported lack of sexual interest

18. Sexual Disorders Sexual Desire Disorders Sexual Desire Disorders Hypoactive, Sexual Aversion Hypoactive, Sexual Aversion Sexual Arousal Disorders Sexual Arousal Disorders Male Erectile Disorder- Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or maintain until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate erection. Male Erectile Disorder- Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or maintain until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate erection. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder- Attain or maintain lubrication. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder- Attain or maintain lubrication. Orgasmic Disorders Orgasmic Disorders Premature Ejaculation- Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation, occurring before, at, or shortly after penetration and before the man wants it to. Premature Ejaculation- Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation, occurring before, at, or shortly after penetration and before the man wants it to. Female Orgasmic Disorder- Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase. Female Orgasmic Disorder- Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase. Sexual Pain Disorders Sexual Pain Disorders Vaginismus- involuntary spasms of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse Vaginismus- involuntary spasms of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse