1. A History and Status of CEMS Applications in USEPA Regulations Dale Evarts US EPA December 16, 2002 Better Air Quality in Asian Cities 2002 Email: evarts.dale@epa.gov

2. Overview  Basic Terminology  Early Technical Hurdles  USEPA Regulatory History  Summary of CEMS Applications  Recent CEMS Developments

3. Basic Terminology  CEMS - Continuous Emission Monitoring System Total equipment required to:  Sample  Condition, if necessary  Analyze  Provide results in units of applicable standard Applies primarily to gaseous pollutants  SO2, NOx, CO, organic gases

4. Basic Terminology  COMS - Continuous Opacity Monitoring System Total equipment required to:  Determine opacity  Provide record in applicable averaging time Used as surrogate for monitoring particulate emissions control

5. Purposes for Using CEMS/COMS  Governmental Agencies Determine compliance status Evaluate effectiveness of controls  Industry Owners Determine need for corrective action Demonstrate compliance with standards Comply with monitoring requirements

6. Early Technical Hurdles  1960s - Few Regulatory Incentives State and local agencies direct most regulatory efforts  Rely on short-term manual methods  Want continuous records Little Federal focus  Technical Evaluations Ambient analyzers Process monitors New German and US technologies

7. US Environmental Protection Agency - 1970  1970 Clean Air Act Provided resources for regulatory development Focus on criteria pollutants  Gaseous: SO2, NOx, CO  Particulate Matter and Opacity Authorized applications of CEMS

8. USEPA Regulatory Development  Regulations for New Sources Technology-based limits Performance demonstrations  1971 - Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Utilities SO2 and NOx standards CEMS and COMS required  O&M indicators  Installation delayed until performance specifications published

9. USEPA Regulatory Development  1975 - Gaseous CEMS Performance Specifications Criteria for evaluating CEMS performance  Repeatability (daily analytical drift)  Representativeness (siting requirements)  Reproducibility (relative accuracy - at least 9 comparison tests) Few design requirements (data collection frequency) On-site, case-by-case certification

10. USEPA Regulatory Development  1979 - CEMS Quality Assurance Procedures CEMS as O&M indicators (most)  Initial performance test  Daily drift check and correction Continuous compliance CEMS (few)  Initial performance test  Daily drift check and correction  Quarterly audits (cylinder gas)  Annual relative accuracy test

11. USEPA Regulatory Development  1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Acid rain reductions through market incentives  Limit SO2 and NOx on national basis  Use CEMS for annual mass emission rates  Compare emissions against allowances  Allow trading of credits on open market Market incentives for reducing ozone  Voluntary VOC and NOx reduction program  Requires VOC CEMS  Enacted by some local agencies

12. USEPA Regulatory Development  1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Hazardous air pollutant standards  Technology-based control limits  CEMS for VOC including FTIR Operating permits program  Monitoring required for every source  Increasing use of CEMS and COMS  Alternatives to CEMS sought

13. USEPA Regulatory Development  Source Types with CEMS Requirements Over 30 EPA regulations require CEMS/COMS:  Fossil fuel-fired electric and steam generators  Municipal waste incinerators  Acid plants  Steel and ferroalloy plants  Glass manufacturing plants  Refineries including Benzene operations  Cement plants  Copper and zinc smelters  Calciners and dryers  Magnetic tape production  Printing and publishing

14. Current and Future CEMS Development Activities  FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) CEMS Over 100 organic HAP spectra developed Performance specifications promulgated  Particulate Matter CEMS  Performance specifications proposed  Field tests underway  First source category - hazardous waste incinerators  Other CEMS development work Metals including Hg Cl and HCl

15. For More Information…  US EPA’s Emission Measurement Center http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/  US EPA’s Technology Transfer Network http://www.epa.gov/ttn/