1. Investigating the small It is necessary for scientists to make observations in their daily work. But what if their research occurs on a scale that is not visible to the naked eye? This presentation will introduce you to four instruments which aid scientists for this type of research.

2. Nanospectrometer How it works: This instrument uses light interference maxima and minima to measure thicknesses.

3. It looks like this..

4. Inner workings

5. Resolution, size, and cost Resolution is on the order of 10^-10 (Angstroms) Fits on a table top Approximately $10K

6. Scanning Electron Microscope How it works: An electron beam scans over a sample that creates various signals made of emitted electrons off the surface. This allows for an image to form and magnifies the specimen.

7. It looks like this..

8. Inner workings

9. Images produced by SEM

10. Silicon Valley Ant

11. Blood cell

12. Resolution, size, and cost Features observed on an SEM are as small as 1-50 nanometers The size of the instrument itself is about 3x5 ft. Expect to pay between $100K-$300K for this instrument

13. Atomic Force Microscope How it works: A sharp tip touches a sample and forces between the atoms in the sample affect a lever on the tip. This creates a topographical map image for the user.

14. It looks like this..

15. Inner workings of AFM

16. Image produced by AFM (Chromium)

17. Resolution, size, and cost Vertically, this instrument can “see” down to 0.1 x 10^-10 meters! Laterally, it can “see” 1 nanometer. The AFM fits on a table top This instrument can be obtained at $65K- $200K

18. Optical microscope You have probably used this instrument before. White light is used to illuminate a sample and lenses magnify the sample.

19. You’ve probably seen it before..

20. Inner workings

21. Resolution, size, and cost Microscopes, like the name implies, “see” down to 0.2 micrometers. The size ranges from pocket size to a large table top $5-$5K

22. Images used 1. Ant. www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/.../section4/sem.asp 2. Termite. alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/ staff/vramos/SIP05.html 3. Blood cell. history.nasa.gov/ SP-368/s3ch3.htm 4. SEM Diagram. www.weizmann.ac.il/ home/garty/scanning_electr... 5. SEM. darkwing.uoregon.edu/ ~oimb/equip.htm 6. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/electron/images/ant.jpg http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/electron/images/ant.jpg 7. AFM Diagram. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/models/images/afm.gifhttp://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/models/images/afm.gif 8. AFM pic. www1.cems.umn.edu/research/ frisbie/Dimension3... 9. chromium dots. http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div841/Gp3/Projects/Atom/images/nanodots.gifhttp://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div841/Gp3/Projects/Atom/images/nanodots.gif 10. light microscope. http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/images/LightMicroscope.GIFhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/images/LightMicroscope.GIF 11. Nanospectrometer. http://www.thtlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/MEMS_Equipment/NanoSpec.jpghttp://www.thtlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/MEMS_Equipment/NanoSpec.jpg 12. plant cell. www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/ b-online/e04/04a.htm 13. thin film colors. http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m9/images/colors.jpghttp://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modules/m9/images/colors.jpg I14.nterference diagram. newton.ex.ac.uk/.../ images/thin_film1.jpg