1. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Chapter 14 Institutional Programs

2. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “Prison program”  any formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and sets them to instrumental tasks definition

3. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Benefits of institutional programs  help manage time  improve inmates’ lives  improve liklihood of parole  reduce inmate boredom, tension, hostility  maintain safety and security of prison  produce goods & services  keep prison functional and operating  offer incentives for good inmate behavior  keep prison time from becoming ‘dead time’

4. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th 5 types of prison programs rehabilitative programs increase likelihood inmates will lead a crime-free life upon release industrial programs production of sellable goods & services outside prison, in “free” market recreational programs provide organized social, physical, & intellectual leisure activities maintenance programs provide services essential to upkeep & operation of prison medical programs provide medical services to inmates

5. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Factors limiting potential prison programs  security need to minimize ability of inmates to obtain weapons or contraband also limits potential effectiveness of some programs (eg, group therapy) which require meaningful inmate interaction  principle of least eligibility prisoners can’t have it ‘better’ than citizens eg, elimination of inmate Pell grants (college)  classification risk of escape, violence, future criminality

6. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “classification”“classification”  a process by which prisoners are assigned to types of custody (ie, specific prisons, as well as the level of supervision within a prison), and treatment programs  classification determines:  which prison inmate is sent to  housing assignment  work assignment  availability of treatment programs  amount of good time available (eg, Colorado) definition

7. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th conflicting concerns in classification process offender RISK offender NEEDS factors:age offense severity prior prison record dangerousness = management tool to ‘group’ inmates appropriately factors: batteries of tests psychiatric eval’s counseling testing & diagnostics to determine = diagnostic tool to identify inmate treatment needs

8. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th new “objective” classification sytems predictive models use statistical techniques to identify classification factors equity- based models use explicitly defined legal variables as classification factors risk of escaperisk of escape risk of misconductrisk of misconduct risk of future crimerisk of future crime 1. each factor is assigned points. 2. total points defines security level offense various criminal characteristics alternative systems which seek to remove subjective judgments by classifier

9. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th rehabilitative programs to reform offender’s behavior psychological educational & vocational social substance abuse religious behavioral

10. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “psychotherapy”“psychotherapy”  in general terms, all forms of “treatment of the mind,” i.e., in which therapy address the individual’s thoughts and emotions; in the prison setting, these therapies are coercive in nature.  most experts agree that mental abnormalities play an insignificant role in criminality of most offenders. definition

11. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “coercive therapy”  treatment in which the therapist determines the need for (and the goals of) treatment processes, whether or not the client agrees definition

12. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th group treatment  therapy for which the setting is a group of individuals who are seen as having the same or similar problems or needs; designed to be highly interactive, often confrontational, as members of the group comprise essential elements of the therapy definition

13. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th types of group therapy used in prison therapies focusing on thought processes reality therapy cognitive skill building confrontational therapy (a technique) transactional analysis

14. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “reality therapy”  treatment emphasizing an offender’s personal responsibility for actions and the very real consequences of their actions - for themselves and others  aim: get individual to behave more responsibly definition

15. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “confrontational therapy”  a treatment technique, usually used in a group, that vividly brings offender face to face with consequences of the crimes for victim & society  group members encouraged to confront each other’s rationalizations and manipulations  aim: get offenders to give up manipulative rationalizations and accept responsibility for harms they caused definition

16. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “transactional analysis”  treatment focusing on how a person interacts with others, focusing on patterns that indicate personal problems  focus is on roles people play; 3 ego states  parent: judging and controlling  adult: mature, realistic, and ethical  child: playful, dependent, naughty  aim: help offenders realize their problems stem from approaching world as an angry Parent or weak Child, rather than as a responsible Adult definition

17. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “cognitive skill building”  a form of behavior therapy focusing on changing the thinking & reasoning patterns that accompany criminal behavior  also called “cognitive restructuring  belief is that offenders develop antisocial patterns of reasoning that make them believe criminal behavior makes sense  aim: to teach offenders new ways to think about themselves and their actions definition

18. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “behavior therapy”  treatment that induces new behaviors through reinforcements (rewards & punishments), role modeling, etc.  belief: crime is not so much a product of the makeup of the individual as it is his/her responses to problems in the environment  belief: behavior is learned  aim: change person’s behavior (not person’s mind or emotions) by manipulating payoffs  target of behavior change: not criminality, but problem behaviors surrounding criminal lifestyle-- verbal manipulation, rationalization, anger control, frustration, deficient social skills definition

19. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “token economy”  a type of behavior therapy that uses payments (such as tokens) to reinforce desirable behaviors in an institutional environment  certain benefits (eg, TV, privileges, free time) must be ‘purchased’ with tokens  offender receives tokens as rewards for appropriate behavior and task completion definition

20. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “social therapy” “milieu therapy” / “positive peer culture”  treatment that attempts to make the institutional environment supportive of prosocial attitudes & behaviors  beliefs:  offenders learn lawbreaking values & behaviors in social settings from peers to whom they attach importance  true change occurs when offenders take responsibility for social climate in which they live  aims:  develop prosocial environment within prison to help offender develop noncriminal ways of coping  make prison operations more democratic  develop inmate culture that promotes law-abiding lifestyle  definition

21. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th social therapy (con’d)  requirements: institutional practices = democratic, ≠ bureaucratic programs must focus on treatment, not custody humanitarian concerns > institutional routines flexibility > rigidity

22. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “vocational rehabilitation”  prison programming designed to teach inmates cognitive & vocational skills to help them find & keep employment on release  education  >200,000 inmates participate  ABE (Adult Basic Education)  GED (General Equivalency Diploma)  college: Pell grants no longer available to prisoners  vocational training  irrelevant skills; obsolete equipment  inmates lack skills to get & keep job  punctuality, accountability, deference to supervisors, cordiality to co-workers, how to find a job, do interview definition

23. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “civil disabilities”  legal restrictions that prevent released felons from voting, holding elective office, engaging in certain professions & occupations, & associating with known offenders  6,000 occupations are licensed in  1 states  barred occupations include (in some states):  nurse, barber, beautician, real estate, chauffeur, cashier, insurance salesman, stenographer, worker where alcoholic beverages are sold definition

24. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th contract labor system prison industry programs teach job skills; produce goods & services state use system public account system public works & ways system lease system piece price

25. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “contract labor” system  the type of system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers, who provided the machinery and raw materials, with which inmates made salable products, either inside or outside of the institution, to be sold on the open market definition

26. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “piece price” system  a contract labor system under which a contractor provided raw materials and agreed to purchase goods (made by prison inmates) at a pre- established price  tended to be extremely exploitative, as inmates often worked in sweatshops, returning to prison at night definition

27. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “lease system”  another contract labor system which is a variation on the piece price system in which the contractor maintained the prisoners (often outside of the institution), providing them with food and clothing, in addition to providing the raw materials for the work performed.  inmates were often required to work 12 to 16 hours at a stretch.  In some southern states, prisoners were leased to agricultural producers to perform field labor. definition

28. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “public account” system  a labor system under which a prison bought machinery and raw materials with which prison inmates manufactured a salable product  1909: Oklahoma led the way, in twine industry  Minnesota, Wisconsin followed  Okla. defrayed 2/3 cost of prison operations  corruption ended the practice definition

29. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “state use” system  a labor system under which goods and services produced by prison labor inside the institution are purchased exclusively by state agencies and tax-supported institutions; such goods never enter the ‘free market’  currently, the most common form of prison industry  eg, California definition

30. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “public works & ways” system  a labor system under which prison inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects (eg, filling potholes, building & repairing buildings & bridges, working in the community on various projects), for which the institution receives a fee definition

31. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th evolution of prison industry  private use of inmate labor vanishes: 1885-1940 exploitative reminiscent of plantation slavery  labor movement: laws restrict sale of prison goods 1929: Hawes-Cooper Act F bans prison-made goods from interstate commerce by 1940: all states ban imports of prison goods WWII: FDR demands prison goods for war effort Truman revokes FDR order  1973 report: few inmates have productive work - National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 

32. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th prison industry (cond)  1979: support for prison labor returns Congress lifts restrictions on sale of prison goods Free Venture program (LEAA)- funds 7 states develop industries with following requirements: F full work week for inmates F wages based on productivity F productivity standards from private sector F industry-not prison-staff to hire & fire inmates F self-sufficient or profitable operations F postrelease job placement mechanism  1994: 16 states in Free Venture program

33. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th substance abuse programs  crime-drug abuse link is strong! 50-80% arrestees test positive for drugs 50-75% of them need drug treatment  1993: 1.1 mill. offenders in drug/alcoh trtmt  treatment difficult; high “failure” rate  elements of successful treatment programs occur in phases (residential phase = 6-12 mo.) participants earn privileges in therapeutic setting use multiple treatment modalities residential staff & community officials closely coordinate plans for release treatment continues after release (group therapy, drug testing)

34. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th ‘Prison Blues®’ sportswear: Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution  produced by inmates for the general public  inmates earn prevailing industry wage  Prison Blues® managed by Unigroup Corp. “MADE ON THE INSIDE TO BE WORN ON THE OUTSIDE” logo of Prison Blues® http://prisonblues.com 85% of wage deducted for: victim restitution child support incarceration costs court costs taxes 15% of wage available for: canteen voluntary family support savings (available at release)

35. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Prison maintenance programs maintain & operate prison fire dept. janitorial plumbing mail clerical, records electrical food service laundry

36. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th prison recreation programs reform offender behavior sports drama music journalism hobby shop weight training