2. Partnership for Cleaner Fuels & Vehicles Clear Air Initiative 18 th December 2002 Hong Kong The Indian Perspective Rajat Nandi Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

3. Vehicle Population in Metros (1999-2000) DelhiChennaiKolkataMumbai Trucks156,15724,55659,57620,199 Buses37,7334,4098,58615,414 Taxis17,7629,59632,19958,696 3-Wheelers86,98535,4209,74797,565 2-Wheelers2,184,581848,118298,959407,306 Cars869,820199,848238,560303,108 Source: Motor Transport Statistics of India 1999-2000 (MoRT&H, October 2002) SIAM

4. 84% - New Cars CO+HC+NOx (g/km) Emission Reductions CO+HC+NOx +PM (g/kWh) 65% New Diesel Vehicles CO+HC+NOx (g/km) 80% - New 2-W SIAM

5. NormsYearCategory of vehicles Remarks India 2000 (Euro I equivalent / Bharat Stage I) April 2000All vehiclesAcross the country Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent) 2000CarsMetros -do-2001City Buses-do- Emission Standards Present Scenario SIAM

6. Future Emission Standards All Vehicles (except 2 & 3 Wheelers) NormsYearRemarks Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent) 1 st April 2003Seven more cities Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent) 1 st April 2005Entire country Bharat Stage III (Euro III equivalent) 1 st April 200511 cities -do-1 st April 2010Entire country Euro IV equivalent1 st April 201011 cities SIAM

7. Emission Standards (Contd…) * Preferably 1st April 2008 (Not later than 1st April 2010) Future Proposal (2&3 Wheelers) Norms g/km(IDC)YearRemarks COHC+NOx 1.5 1 st April 2005Entire country 1.0 1 st April 2010 *Entire country SIAM

8. Future Fuel Quality Improvements Euro II*Euro III*Euro IV* Gasoline Octane (RON)88-9391-9591-95 Lead (g/l) 0.0130.0050.005 Sulphur (%mass) 0.050.0150.005 Benzene (%vol) 3-511 Diesel Cetane485151 Density (Kg/m 3 ) 820-860820-845820-845 Sulphur (%mass) 0.050.0350.005 * Equivalent Norms SIAM

9. Technology Evolution In Petrol Engines Carburettor engines Oxidation catalytic converter with open loop EGR Secondary air injection Throttle body /port injection 3-way catalytic converter with close loop Multipoint fuel injection system Electronic engine management On-board diagnostics EURO 0 EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 SIAM

10. Technology Evolution In Diesel Engines Oxidation catalysts DeNox catalysts (passive & active) Nox trap catalyst Optimum fie +comb. Chamber + air motion TC + variable nozzle turbine Selective catalyst reduction (SCR) Continuously regenerating trap SIAM

11. Technological Evolution for 2 Stroke Engines in 2-wheelers 19962000Future 1.Scavenging improvements through Multiple & better ports Improved exhaust 2.Leaner mixture through improved carburetors 3.Better combustion through Higher compression ratio Better combustion chamber 4.Electronic Ignition 1.Further improvements in Scavenging Combustion 2.Use of Catalytic converter (Oxidative type) 3.Reduced 2T oil dosage 1.Further improvements in Scavenging Combustion 2.Electronic engine management 3.Improved catalytic converters 4.Dual Catalytic converter 5.Fuel injection 6.Smoke less oils Tighter Production tolerances SIAM

12. Technological Evolution For 4 Stroke Engines in 2-wheelers 19961.Leaner mixture through improved carburetors 2.Improved Combustion 20001.Secondary air injection 2.Hot tube or catalytic converter 3.Tighter Production tolerances Future1.Secondary air injection 2.Variable intake system 3.Catalytic converter 4.Electronic engine management 5.Tighter Production tolerances SIAM

13. Need for Integrated Approach Present Scenario Large Population of Old Vehicles Lack of Maintenance Practice Use of Adulterated Fuels Therefore need for: Inspection & Certification Alternative Fuel Technologies SIAM

14. Inspection & Certification – Present Structure Ministry of Road Transport & Highways State Transport Departments (TD) Fitness Check* (Operated by TD) Emission Check – “PUC” (Private Operators Licensed By TD) Few per City Hundreds * For Transport Vehicles only- Buses, Trucks, Taxis & 3-Wheelers SIAM

15. Inspection & Certification - Gaps Areas SIAM roadmap for Introduction of Centralised I&C System accepted by Government –Need implementation –Covering all categories of vehicles including Private Cars and Two-Wheelers Development of Operating and Management Systems Audit Enforcement Public Awareness & Acceptability SIAM

16. Alternative Fuel Technologies - Present Scenario Delhi – Highest no. of CNG vehicles – 8,510 Buses –43,266 3-Wheelers –3,370 Taxis Source: Transport Dept. Government of NCT of Delhi – 1 st nov 2002 –101 CNG Filling Stations Mumbai –About 25,000 Taxis SIAM

17. Alternative Fuel Technologies- Gap Areas Need for City Specific Roadmap – LPG, CNG, Electric, Hybrid Training Infrastructure for Implementing a new Programme Regulatory Framework Cost Benefit Analysis SIAM

18. PHOTO 8 : BAJAJ RE 4S CNG AUTO-RIKHSHAW WITH 2 CNG CYLINDERS BARE CHASSIS SHOWING CYLINDER, KIT & ENGINE LOCATION SIAM

19. AMBASSADOR CLASSIC CAR - CNG HINDUSTAN MOTORS LIMITED Tank Layout Engine Comp. SIAM

20. CNG CYLIDERS LAYOUT ON A BUS CHASSIS SIAM

21. Emission Management Need to develop Emission Factors in India Quantify benefits of each intervention –Engine Technology –Fuel Quality –Alternative Fuels –Maintenance SIAM

22. SIAM Initiatives In-use vehicle emission management Organized I&M Clinics –18 Nos. in major cities –Covered more than 100,000 vehicles Idle emission Usage pattern Effect of maintenance on emissions. SIAM

23. In-use vehicle emission management (contd…) Development of computerized emission check centres (CECC) SIAM setup 2 model centres each in metros State Governments accepted model centres –Delhi : 200 –Hyderabad : 100 –Bangalore : 100 Other cities also planning mandating CECC SIAM

24. Next Steps –Networking –Data Analysis –Computerised Model I &C Centres In-use vehicle emission management (contd…) SIAM

25. SIAM to organise International Seminar on Alternative Energy Driven Vehicles in March 2003 International Exposition on Inspection & Maintenance in March / April 2003

26. THANK YOU Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Core – 4B, 5 th Floor, India Habitat Centre Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, INDIA Phone: 00 91 11 24647810-12/24648555 Fax: 00 91 11 24648222 E-mail – siam@vsnl.com / siam@bol.net.insiam@vsnl.comsiam@bol.net.in