1. Main Questions for Neutrino Detector R&D EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting 4 December 2007 Paul Soler University of Glasgow

2. 2 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Contents 1.Conclusions from ISS report 2.R&D MIND & TASD 3.R&D Water Cherenkov 4.R&D Liquid Argon 5.R&D Emulsion 6.R&D Near Detectors 7.Hybrid detector concepts 8.Strategy

3. 3 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Baseline Detectors (ISS report) BeamFar detectorR&D needed Sub-GeV Beta and Super Beams (MEMPHYS, T2K) Megaton Water Cherenkovphotosensors! cavern and infrastructure 1-2 GeV Beta and Super Beams (off axis NUMI, high  Beta Beam, Wide Band Beam) no established baseline Totally Active Scintillator Detector- TASD (NOvA-like) or Liquid Argon TPC or Megaton WC photosensors and detectors long drifts, long wires, LEMs Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) ~100kton Magnetized Iron Neutrino Detector–MIND (golden) + ~10 kton non-magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber-ECC (silver) straightforward from MINOS simulation+physics studies ibid vs OPERA

4. 4 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Beyond the Baseline Detectors (ISS report) BeamFar detectorR&D needed Sub-GeV Beta and Super Beams (MEMPHYS, T2K) Liquid Argon TPC (100kton) clarify what is the advantage wrt Water Cherenkov? 1-2 GeV Beta and Super Beams (off axis NUMI, high  Beta Beam, Wide band Beam) no established baseline Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) platinum detectors! Magnetised TASD Magnetised Liquid Argon Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber engineering study for magnet! simulations and physics evaluation; photosensors, long drift, etc…

5. 5 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Beam Instrumentation, Near detectors BeamBeam Instrumentation, Near Detectors R&D needed Sub-GeV Beta and Super Beams (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT for precision measurements? concept simulations theory 1-2 GeV Beta and Super Beam (off axis NUMI, high  Beta Beam, Wide band Beam) NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements? ibid Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) beam intensity (BCT) beam energy +polarization beam divergence meast shielding leptonic detector hadronic detector need study -- need study need concept simulation+study ibid+Vertex det R&D

6. 6 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 R&D Programme MIND & TASD o R&D programme to test detector concepts being developed for neutrino factory: wrong sign muon “Golden” signature 15 m 100 m Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND) Totally Active Scintillating Detector (TASD)

7. 7 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 R&D Programme MIND & TASD oDesign, cost and engineering solutions for the magnet system for MIND. ̶ Simple scaling from MINOS? oDesign, cost and engineering solutions for the magnet system for TASD ̶ Superconducting transmission line

8. 8 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 R&D Programme MIND & TASD o R&D on photon detector technology o Measurements we want to make: ̶ Test different photon detector technologies: Avalanche Photodiodes (APD), Geiger Mode APDs (GMAPD), Silicon photomutiplier (SiPMT), Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MaPMT), Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD). ̶ Measure light output, PE yield, quantum efficiency, cross-talk and effect on resolution in real operating conditions ̶ Put different PD in test beam

9. 9 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 R&D Programme MIND & TASD o R&D on extruded scintillator: attenuation as function of length, fiber insertion, optimal geometry (ie. square vs triangular or segmentation and sampling rate) Not necessarily at test beam Important for very long bars (10-20 m) good Eg: MINOS

10. 10 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 R&D Programme MIND & TASD o RPC vs scintillator MINOS CALDET INO: 67%/sqrt(E)+10% RPC prototype for the India Neutrino Observatory (INO)

11. 11 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 MIND/TASD Prototype? o Forthcoming prototypes to come online soon: o What can we learn from these?

12. 12 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 MIND/TASD Measurements oMeasurements we want to make: ̶ Muon identification: building particle ID likelihood functions based on test beam ID Measure PID eff. vs length of track ̶ Charge identification (as function of B-field and length of track) ̶ Optimal segmentation: transverse and longitudinal

13. 13 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Water Cherenkov detectors o Engineering and cost of cavern excavation for Megaton Water Cherenkov detectors (covered by LAGUNA proposal)

14. 14 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Water Cherenkov detectors o R&D on photon detectors (large area Hybrid Photon Detectors-HPD, or Photo Multiplier tubes): ̶ Reduction cost, ̶ Reduce risk implosion, ̶ Electronics, ̶ Low activity materials. o Engineering studies of mechanics to support photon detectors.

15. 15 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Water Cherenkov detectors o Studies of energy resolution of water Cherenkov detectors, especially at low energy (ie ~250-200 MeV).

16. 16 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Liquid Argon R&D o Feasibility & cost of industrial tankers for underground liquid argon storage (also part of Laguna project). o Demonstration and detector performance for very long drift paths o Liquid argon purification. LAr Cathode (- HV) E-field Extraction grid Charge readout plane UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs E≈ 1 kV/cm E ≈ 3 kV/cm Electronic racks Field shaping electrodes GAr 5m “Argontube”

17. 17 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Liquid Argon R&D o Readout: Large Electron Multiplyers (LEM) High gain operation of LEM in pure argon at high pressure 1000 Gain LAr E transf = 3 kV/cm E drift = 5 kV/cm GAr Two-stage LEM Voltage (V) 350 0 600 0 0 14 12.512.9 A stable gain of 10 4 has been measured 0 14

18. 18 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Liquid Argon R&D o Development of new solutions for drift in a very high voltage (such as the Cockcroft-Walton style Greinacher circuit). o B-field for liquid argon detectors: study of high Tc superconducting coils o Dedicated test beams to study prototype detectors and to perform tracking and reconstruction of clean electron and pi0 samples. e–e– 2.5 GeV Simulated electron shower in magnetic field B=1T

19. 19 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber o Emulsion Cloud Chamber ̶ Improve speed & accuracy automated scanning stations ̶ Further R&D on operating emulsion-iron systems in magnetic field Emulsion test beam Electronic det: e/  separator & “Time stamp” Rohacell® plate emulsion film stainless steel plate

20. 20 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Near Detector R&D  Silicon vertex detector for charm background: ̶ Pixel versus strip detectors: hybrid strip, ``stripxel", hybrid pixel detectors, Monolithic Active Pixels (MAPS) or DEPFET pixel detectors. (Synergy with Linear Collider, ideal project for EUDET) ̶ Study whether layers of passive material (boron carbide, graphite or other low Z material) are necessary as a neutrino target. Charm  Impact parameter resolution (50  m pitch)  x ~33  m Pull:  ~1.02  Study of charm background for wrong sign muon signal and measure effect of Q_t cut

21. 21 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Near Detector R&D  Tracking device: determine optimal tracking detector. ̶ Scintillating fibre tracker ̶ Drift chambers ̶ Gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) Muon chambers EM calorimeter Hadronic Calorimeter  Other Detectors: ̶ Energy resolution for a calorimeter? ̶ Particle identification (ie. TRD or DIRC Cherenkov detector) ̶ Muon chambers?  Magnet: old UA1, NOMAD, T2K magnet?

22. 22 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Near Detector R&D  Accuracy neutrino flux measurement with near detector (goal ~0.1% flux error): with beam monitors and inverse muon decay interactions in ND  Accuracy cross-section measurement as function of energy. ̶ Above 5 GeV (DIS): goal 0.1% level. ̶ Below 5 GeV, measure all components

23. 23 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Hybrid Emulsion Detectors o For 60 walls emulsion  1.1M bricks  4.1 kton o Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m Tau events in MECC found by tracing back candidate events into emulsion region See G de Lellis, Golden07 supermodule 8 m Target Trackers Pb/Em. target ECC emulsion analysis: Vertex, decay kink e/  ID, multiple scattering, kinematics Extract selected brick Pb/Em. brick 8 cm Pb 1 mm Basic “cell” Emulsion Electronic detectors: Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p Link to muon ID, Candidate event Spectrometer  p/p<20%

24. 24 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Hybrid MIND + TASD o Compromise between MIND and TASD concepts? o Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determination o Do we need magnetic field in TASD region? o Maybe alternating regions of MIND + magnetic free regions of TASD can be used to measure Golden channel and e flux (ie e disappearance?) o Need to study physics impact of this solution: does one win in performance without being prohibitive in price? o Could one include LAr regions between MIND spectrometer regions (more like Icarus rather than Glacier) MIND TASD muon ~1-2m hadron shower MIND electron shower

25. 25 EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting P Soler, 4 December 2007 Strategy for Neutrino Detector R&D Cervera, NUFACT07