1. Art of Qualifying Claims Prasad M. Jayaweera prasad@dsv.su.se

2. Standard five-paragraph argument

4. http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/rgass/stephen_toulmin.htm Toulmin, Stephen E. Department: Anthropology E-Mail: toulmin@usc.edu The Toulmin Model

5. Claims are concisely stated assertions – they describe the focus of an argument – and describe the writers stance toward the claim Claims are generally not self-evident – they need to be supported by evidence (data) – they need to be limited in scope – they need to have a balanced tone (not be emotionally loaded) The terms in claims need to be carefully defined Claims

6. Evidence is data presented to support the claim. – Evidence is also referred to as grounds for the argument. Evidence is the data presented by the arguer to support their claims and can include: – personal experience – statistics – photographs and artifacts – authoritative statements, etc. Evidence

7. Warrants are the generalizations that link the Evidence to the claim Warrants are usually an implicit component of an argument Because warrants are so general, they can usually be used to justify more than one particular inference. – This means that warrants can be very slippery and need to tied down (supported or justified) Warrants

8. Homer-Dixon and Karparin note that a good device for identifying warrants is the “if-then-because” rule – if the evidence, – then the claim – because of the warrant [if the Evidence] now is the time of year to pay taxes [then the claim] we should all pay our taxes [because the warrant] every citizen has a moral obligation to pay taxes [backing of the warrant] the government acts in everyone’s best interest Argument for Paying Taxes Identifying Implicit Warrants

9. Graphical Argument Analysis http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/tad.htm "Graphical Argument Analysis: A New Approach to Understanding Arguments, Applied to a Debate about the Window of Vulnerability," with Roger Karapin, International Studies Quarterly, 33 December 1989, pp. 389-410. Thomas Homer-Dixon Claim (is thesis of argument) Evidence (gives the reasons for accepting the claim) Additional Evidence (can support the original evidence forming a sub-argument) Warrant (explains why the evidence supports the claim) Backing (gives support to warrant) w

10. Claim (all people should pay their taxes) Evidence (this is the time of year we are required to pay taxes) Additional Evidence (can support the original evidence forming a sub-argument) Warrant (every citizen has a moral obligation to) Backing (the government acts in everyone’s best interest) w Attack2 (The government uses money to benefit special interests and commit immoral acts) Attack1 (This is not the time to pay taxes) Objections

11. Kinds of Objects 1. Considered and Rejected Objects & Alternatives during research 2. Known Objections that audience will bring 3. Possible Alternatives that audience might think of 4. Objections that may occur after reading

12. Precision & Accuracy 1. Key terms 2. Oversimplified causes & effects 3. Overgeneralized 4. Counterexamples and special cases Evaluation & criticism 1. Analyze the meaning of terms in Claim, evidence. Ambiguity? 2. Evidence really support the claim? 3. Even if, strong enough? 4. Is the warrant both supportasble & applicable to the claim?

13. Your Questions 1. What is the point? 2. What is the scope of your claim? 3. What evidence do you have? 4. What links evidence to claim? 5. But what about? 6. But what if? 7. No problems here at all? Your Source’s Answers 1. I claim that… 2. I limit it to… 3. I offer as evidence… 4. I offer this principle… 5. I can rebut that. First… 6. May claim stands as long as… 7. Well. I have to admit that... Guide to Research & Reading

14. Multiple Dimensions of a Problem Logos—technical, specialized, scientific, professional definition of the problem. Ethos—ethical, spiritual definition of the problem. Pathos—emotional, social, interpersonal definition of the problem. Cosmos—states the problem in a larger context, as it relates to the larger system.

15. This is Not an Article Just Some Food for Thought on How to Write One Carsten Sørensen http://is.lse.ac.uk/staff/sorensen/downloads/not/notart.pdf