1. Compiled by Doris Shih History of Computers

2. Development Start of the computer: 1942: John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College 1944: Mark I (The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard University Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) at University of Pennsylvania

3. The Modern Computer Era (1) 1st generation: Tubes 1951: commercial computer system, UNIVAC I/ IBM 650 Vacuum tubes, large, expensive, easy to break down from their own heat

4. The Modern Computer Era (2) 2nd generation : Transistors mid 1950s: UNIVAC 1102/ IBM 1620 & 7090 Transistors, cheaper, faster, more reliable, able to incorporate into complex electrical circuits

5. The Modern Computer Era (3) 3rd generation: Integrated Circuits 1960s: Integrated Circuits (ICs) Many single-function electronic components of a computer to be combined into one device More complex, faster, cost not increased

6. The Modern Computer Era (4) 4th generation: Microelectronics 1970s: microprocessor Combined functions of many ICs on a single chip

7. The Microcomputer mid 1970s Using microprocessors to build personal computers (PCs) Microcomputer vs. mainframe computer Individual needs vs. large systems serving science & industry Steven Jobs: Apple computer

8. CBE efforts PLATO University of Illinois TICCIT MITRE Corporation & University of Texas WICAT = World Institute for Computer-Assisted Teaching MECC = Minnesota Educational Computing Corporation CONDUIT = combined of Univ. Oregon, NC, Iowa, Texas, Dartmouth College

9. References Merrill, P. F., et al. Computers in Education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1996. Lockard, J., Abrams, P. D., & Many, W. A. (1994). Microcomputers for twenty-first century educators, 3 rd ed. New York: HarperCollins.