1. Geography in the Middle Ages China continues to be far ahead of Christian Europe Geography a vehicle for Christian propaganda in Europe Muslim translation of Greek works The Norse sailing to Iceland, Greenland, North America

2. Ancient Influences on Medieval Geography Plato (428 - 348 BCE) Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) –climatic zones Ptolemy (85 - 165 CE) –geocentric model of the universe

3. Contemporary Influences Isidore of Seville (560-636) Environmental Determinist Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) Astrology & Environmental Determinism

4. The Deterioration of Mapping 1493 T - O Map Translation

5. Medieval Christian Travelers Silvia of Aquitaine 1 of the 1st woman geographers early 5th century western Spain Wrote The Pilgrimage of Egeria

6. The Crusades 8 separate crusades between 1096 & 1270 Extensive travel over sea & land from all parts of Europe to the Holy Land Popular description & travel was geography

7. Marco Polo 2 brothers & a son –Nicolo & Marco –Maffeo Traders, not Geographers 1271 - 1295 To China by land To Venice by sea

8. The Polo’s Journey

9. Bright Spots in Medieval Geography William of Conches (1080-1154) –philosopher & theologian –translated Arabic work –modern ideas concerning heating of the atmosphere from below formation of clouds by cooling air Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln (1175- 1253) –also an Arabic speaker –refuted Aristotle’s climatic zones –taught Roger Bacon

10. Petrus Roselli, 1466, Majorca

11. Portolan Charts From “portolani” –pilots or rutters Portolan chart –network of lines –coastlines –place names –scale of distance –compass –shoals, reefs, islands List of –places –distances –directions –conditions at sea –port dangers –safe anchorages

12. Albino de Canepa, 1489, Genoa

13. Olaus Magnus, 16th century 1st large scale map of a European Region