1. Sociology in Modules
Richard T. Schaefer

2. The Global Divide
Inequality a significant determinant of human behavior
Divides in global wealth emerged as result of the Industrial Revolution and rising agricultural productivity
Resulting rise in living standards not evenly distributed across the world

3. Stratification in the World System
Stark contrasts between industrial and developing nations
Legacy of colonialism
Multinational corporations
Modernization

4. The Legacy of Colonialism
Colonialism: Foreign power maintains political, social, economic, and cultural domination for an extended period of time
Neocolonialism: Continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies

5. The Legacy of Colonialism
Wallerstein: World Systems Analysis
Interdependent global economy rests on unequal economic and political relationships
Nations do not onstituted whole systems
They exist within a larger, global social context
Dependency Theory: Even as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations

6. The Legacy of Colonialism
Growing share of the human and natural resources of developing countries redistributed to the core industrialized nations
Globalization: Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas

7. Figure 29-1: Fundamental Global Inequality
Source: Adapted from Sutcliffe 2002:18. 7

8. Figure 29-2: Gross National Income per Capita
Source: Haub 2010; Weeks 2012. 8

9. Figure 29-3: World Systems Analysis
Source: Haub 2010; Weeks 2012. 9

10. Poverty Worldwide
Poverty is worldwide problem that blights the lives of billions of people
Millennium Project asks industrial nations to set aside 0.51% of gross national income for developing nations
Gross national income: total value of a nation’s goods and services (GNP), plus or minus income received from and sent to other nations
U.S.’s contribution among lowest of industrialized countries

11. Figure 29-4: Poverty Worldwide
Source: Chronic Poverty Research Centre 2009. 11

12. Figure 29-5: Foreign Aid per Capita in Nine Countries
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2011:2. 12

13. Multinational corporations
Multinational corporations: Commercial organizations headquartered in one country but doing business throughout the world
Total revenue of multinational businesses on par with total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations
Over 12% of U.S. goods and services relates to exports to foreign countries

14. Functionalist Perspective
Multinational corporations help developing nations
Jobs and industry
Maximum advantage of technology while reducing costs and boosting profits
Make nations more interdependent and less likely to enter conflicts

15. Conflict Perspective
Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits
Investment by multinationals initially contributes to host nation’s wealth
Negative social impact on workers in both industrialized and developing nations

16. Sociology in the Global Community
Income Inequality: A Global Perspective
If your family has a pet, how much money do you think you spend on your pet every year? How does that figure compare to the average annual income in China or India?
By itself, do you think Korzeniewicz and Moran’s income-based measure is a sufficient indicator of global inequality?

17. Modernization
Modernization: Process by which peripheral nations move from traditional institutions to those characteristic of developed societies
Modernization Theory: Functionalist view that modernization and development will gradually improve lives of people in developing nations

18. Table 29-1: Sociological Perspectives on Global Inequalities18

19. Social Mobility
Intergenerational mobility patterns in industrialized nations:
Similarities in ways parent’s positions in stratification systems transmitted to children
Mobility opportunities influenced by structural factors
Immigration significant factor in shaping society’s level of intergenerational mobility

20. Social Mobility Mobility in developing nations
Macro-level social and economic changes often overshadow micro-level movement from one occupation to another
Gender Differences and Mobility
As country develops and modernizes, women’s vital role in food production deteriorates

21. Figure 30-1: Distribution of Income in Nine Nations
Source: World Bank 2010a:94–96. 21

22. Sociology in the Global Community
Stratification in Brazil
At the bottom of each of the accompanying graphs, which income distribution appears to be more unequal? Now look at the top of each graph. Which income distribution appears to be more unequal?
Race-based college admissions quotas have been the subject of hot debate in the United States. Why do you think they have been accepted as law in Brazilian society?

23. Case Study: Stratification in Mexico
Mexico’s Economy
World Bank reported that in 2011, 4.8% of Mexico’s population survived on $2 per day
Castañeda: polarized society with enormous gaps between rich and poor, town and country, north and south, white and brown (or criollos and mestizos )

24. Case Study: Stratification in Mexico
Race Relations in Mexico: The Color Hierarchy
Subordinate status of Mexico’s Indians one reflection of nation’s color hierarchy
Criollos
Mestizo
Bottom of the color hierarchy are destitute, full-blooded Mexican Indian minority and a small number of Blacks
Widespread denial of prejudice
Marked growth in last decade of organizations and associations for rights of indigenous Indian

25. Case Study: Stratification in Mexico
The Status of Women in Mexico
Constitute 48% of labor force
More mired in lowest-paying jobs than counterparts in industrial nations
When Mexican women work outside home, often not recognized as active and productive household members
Organizing to address economic, political, and health issues

26. Case Study: Stratification in Mexico
The Borderlands: Area of common cultures along border of Mexico and U.S.
Maquiladoras: Foreign-owned factories that do not have to pay taxes or provide benefits to workers
Remittances (migradollars): Estimated to be minimum of $22 billion a year

27. Figure 30-2: The Borderlands
Source: Prepared by the author based on Archibold and Preston 2008; Department of Homeland Security 2008; Marosi 2007; and Ratha et al 27

28. Rethinking Welfare in Europe and North America
In a time of economic stress and growing need, governments in all parts of the world are searching for the right solution to welfare

29. Rethinking Welfare in Europe and North America
Looking at the Issue
1996: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
Expenditures to housing, social security, welfare, health care, and unemployment compensation than U.S.

30. Rethinking Welfare in Europe and North America
Applying Sociology
Critics of welfare reform: nation’s economic problems unfairly blamed on welfare spending and poor
Conflict theorists: “welfare scapegoating” ignores lucrative federal handouts to affluent and enables administrative sanctions
Corporate welfare: tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations

31. Rethinking Welfare in Europe and North America
Initiating Policy
Government likes to highlight welfare-reform success stories
Families that have left the rolls are modestly better off now, most of their breadwinners continue to hold low-paying, unskilled jobs
European governments have encountered many of the same citizen demands as in North America