1. Alternating Current Physics 102 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 22

2. PAL #22 RL Circuits  Solenoid: 5 cm long, 1 cm diameter  0.1 V of emf is induced by increasing the current from 0 to 3 A in 0.5 seconds   = -L(  I/  t)  L =  t/  I = [(0.1)(0.5)]/(3)= 0.0167 H  L =  0 N 2 A/l  N = (Ll/  0 A) ½  N = [(0.0167)(0.05) / (4  X10 -7 )(  )(0.005) 2 ] ½  N = 2900 turns

3. Sine Wave   = angular frequency =  f = frequency =  T = period =  1 cycle = 2  radians  f =  /2   T = 1/f = 2  /  ¼ cycle t = ¼ T  /2 rad. ½ cycle t = ½ T  rad. ¾ cycle t = ¾ T  /2 rad.

4. AC vs. DC  Voltage and current vary sinusoidally with time   Voltage and current will have a frequency and angular frequency    in radians per second  Capacitors and inductors can produce resistance-like effects   Circuits have natural oscillation frequencies  May get resonance

5. V and I in Phase

6. Time Dependence  The current and voltage values vary with time   But, the variation follows a known pattern   We can discuss certain key values  Namely,   The maximum value (V max, I max )  The root-mean-squared value (V rms, I rms )  Can think of as an average

7. Max Values  The value at any time is just the maximum value times the sinusoidal factor:  V =  I = I m  Only if I and V are in phase  Note:  V max = I max R

8. rms Values   However the average of a sinusoidal variation is 0   Since power depends on I 2 (P =I 2 R) it does not care if the current is positive or negative

9. Finding rms

10. rms Current and Voltage  We can write the rms (root mean squared) current as: I rms = I max /(2) ½ = 0.707 I max   We can write a similar relationship for the voltage  V rms =  V max /(2) ½ = 0.707 V max   e.g. V max = I max R and V rms = I rms R

11. Resistors and AC  We can use Ohm’s law in an AC circuit with a resistor   The current and the potential difference are in phase   Large  V produces large current

12. AC Circuit with Resistor

13. Capacitors and AC  Consider a capacitor connected to an AC voltage source   When the current changes direction it moves the charge back and decreases the voltage  The capacitor is constantly being charged and discharged   In a AC circuit the current will vary with some average rms value that depends on the voltage and the capacitance  Capacitor acts as a resistor

14. AC Circuit with Capacitor

15. Reactance  The capacitor impedes the flow of the current  X C = 1/(  C)  The reactance, current and voltage across the capacitor are related by:  V C = IX C   At high frequency the capacitor never gets much charge on it  The voltage and the current across the capacitor are not in phase

16. Phase  The voltage and current across the capacitor are offset   Since the capacitor offers no resistance  As voltage increases current decreases   We say the voltage lags the current by 90 degrees 

17. AC Capacitor Phase Lag

18. Next Time  Read 21.13  Homework: Ch 21, P 58, 60, 61, 62

19. A switch is closed, starting a clockwise current in a circuit. What direction is the magnetic field through the middle of the loop? What direction is the current induced by this magnetic field? A)Up, clockwise B)Down, clockwise C)Up, counterclockwise D)Down, counterclockwise E)No magnetic field is produced

20. The switch is now opened, stopping the clockwise current flow. Is there a self- induced current in the loop now? A)No, since the magnetic field goes to zero B)No, self induction only works with constant currents C)Yes, the decreasing B field produces a clockwise current D)Yes, the decreasing B field produces a counterclockwise current E)Yes, it runs first clockwise then counterclockwise

21. To step down 120 household current to 12 volts, we would need a transformer with a ratio of turns between the primary and secondary transformer of, A)1 to 1 B)10 to 1 C)12 to 1 D)100 to 1 E)120 to 1