1. Handheld Devices for Control Brad A. Myers Jeffrey Nichols, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Kevin Litwack, Michael Higgins, Joe Hughes, Thomas K. Harris, Roni Rosenfeld, Mathilde Pignol bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles Brad A. Myers Jeffrey Nichols, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Kevin Litwack, Michael Higgins, Joe Hughes, Thomas K. Harris, Roni Rosenfeld, Mathilde Pignol bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University

2. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon2 Handheld Devices l Handheld Devices for: l Communication l As a “Personal Information Manager” l As a “Personal Digital Assistant” l As a PC replacement l “PocketPC” l Mobile Devices for Remote Control of other devices l Remote Control of PCs l Remote Control of appliances l Handheld Devices for: l Communication l As a “Personal Information Manager” l As a “Personal Digital Assistant” l As a PC replacement l “PocketPC” l Mobile Devices for Remote Control of other devices l Remote Control of PCs l Remote Control of appliances

3. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon3 Problem l Appliances are too complex

4. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon4 Problem l Too many remotes

5. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon5 Problem l April 8, 1991

6. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon6 Approach l Use a personal handheld device as an Interface to the PC and to the Appliances

7. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon7 History of Communication l ParcTab – continuous communication l Early “organizers” – no communication l Newton – extra cost for synchronization l Palm – HotSync once a day l WindowsCE/PocketPC – ActiveSync once a day l ParcTab – continuous communication l Early “organizers” – no communication l Newton – extra cost for synchronization l Palm – HotSync once a day l WindowsCE/PocketPC – ActiveSync once a day

8. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon8 Now, Handhelds will be Communicating l 802.11 (“Wi-Fi”) l BlueTooth l Cell-phone network (G3) l (Infrared) l (Wires or cradle) l 802.11 (“Wi-Fi”) l BlueTooth l Cell-phone network (G3) l (Infrared) l (Wires or cradle) Toshiba e740 HP iPaq 3870 Microsoft SmartPhone

9. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon9 Premises of our Research “With the coming wireless technologies, connecting the PCs and PDAs together will no longer be an occasional event for synchronization. Instead, the devices will frequently be in close, interactive communication.” — Brad Myers, “Using Hand-Held Devices and PCs Together,” Comm. ACM, Vol. 44, No. 11. Nov., 2001. pp. 34 - 41.

10. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon10 Pebbles Project l Performed as part of the Pebbles Project l Overall goal: Use of multiple devices at the same time l Palm and desktop PC l Mobile Phone and “Smart Home” l Multiple handhelds in a meeting l Pocket PC and appliances l Multiple users with their devices l Single user with multiple devices l Performed as part of the Pebbles Project l Overall goal: Use of multiple devices at the same time l Palm and desktop PC l Mobile Phone and “Smart Home” l Multiple handhelds in a meeting l Pocket PC and appliances l Multiple users with their devices l Single user with multiple devices

11. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon11 Pebbles is: PEBBLESPEBBLES PEBBLESPEBBLES DAs for ntry of oth ytes and ocations from xternalources. DAs for ntry of oth ytes and ocations from xternalources. http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/

12. Controlling a PC l Remote Commander l Slide Show Commander l “Semantic Snarfing” l Shortcutter l Remote Commander l Slide Show Commander l “Semantic Snarfing” l Shortcutter http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/

13. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon13 Remote Commander l Allow PDAs to control a PC l Can be used with any application l Uses the standard (single) cursor l Don’t have to jump up and grab mouse l All mouse and keyboard functions l Use PDA like touchpad l Graffiti or our own pop-up keyboard l Word prediction and completion l Allow PDAs to control a PC l Can be used with any application l Uses the standard (single) cursor l Don’t have to jump up and grab mouse l All mouse and keyboard functions l Use PDA like touchpad l Graffiti or our own pop-up keyboard l Word prediction and completion

14. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon14 For People with Muscular Disabilities l Using handhelds as interface to PCs l People with Muscular Dystrophy have fine-motor control but lose gross motor control l Difficulties with mouse and keyboard, but stylus OK l So use Remote Commander as PC’s keyboard and mouse l Using handhelds as interface to PCs l People with Muscular Dystrophy have fine-motor control but lose gross motor control l Difficulties with mouse and keyboard, but stylus OK l So use Remote Commander as PC’s keyboard and mouse

15. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon15 PocketPC version l Get PC’s screen onto PocketPC l Full view, or one-to-one zooming l Scroll with iPaq’s buttons l Control or scribble l Get PC’s screen onto PocketPC l Full view, or one-to-one zooming l Scroll with iPaq’s buttons l Control or scribble

16. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon16 Shared Clipboard l Transfer information among your personal devices l E.g., between PDA and PC l Also between multiple computers l Connect all clipboards together l Transfer content or reference l Works with all applications l Transfer information among your personal devices l E.g., between PDA and PC l Also between multiple computers l Connect all clipboards together l Transfer content or reference l Works with all applications

17. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon17 Power Point Control l Use PC to give the presentation l Use hand-held to control the PC l Two-way communication l Hand-held shows picture of slide, notes, timer l Use PC to give the presentation l Use hand-held to control the PC l Two-way communication l Hand-held shows picture of slide, notes, timer

18. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon18 SlideShow Commander, cont. l See list of slide titles l Scribble l Tap on on-screen buttons and links l Preview other slides l Control demonstrations l See list of slide titles l Scribble l Tap on on-screen buttons and links l Preview other slides l Control demonstrations

19. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon19 Control at a Distance l Controlling a PC from across the room l Meetings, etc. l Use a laser pointer? l Studies l “Semantic Snarfing” l Grab contents to handheld l Controlling a PC from across the room l Meetings, etc. l Use a laser pointer? l Studies l “Semantic Snarfing” l Grab contents to handheld

20. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon20 Shortcutter l User-created panels of controls l Create custom interfaces and extensions to PC applications l And then take them with you l Direct manipulation for edit, then set properties l PocketPC or Palm l User-created panels of controls l Create custom interfaces and extensions to PC applications l And then take them with you l Direct manipulation for edit, then set properties l PocketPC or Palm

21. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon21 Shortcutter Widgets l Buttons l Virtual Joy stick l Virtual Knob l Sliders l Mouse pad l Gesture panel l Buttons l Virtual Joy stick l Virtual Knob l Sliders l Mouse pad l Gesture panel

22. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon22 Scenarios of Use l Lean-back mail reading l Controlling media players l … and many others l Lean-back mail reading l Controlling media players l … and many others

23. Controlling Appliances l PhD research of Jeffrey Nichols http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/puc/

24. Problem l Too many complex devices, each with its own idiosyncratic interface l Stereo system l Telephones l ATM l Fax machine l Photocopier l Hotel alarm clock l Increasingly computerized l Low usability l Too many complex devices, each with its own idiosyncratic interface l Stereo system l Telephones l ATM l Fax machine l Photocopier l Hotel alarm clock l Increasingly computerized l Low usability

25. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon25 Existing “universal” controls l Pre-programmed at the factory with a subset, l Or, Laboriously hand-programmed by the user l Pre-programmed at the factory with a subset, l Or, Laboriously hand-programmed by the user

26. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon26 Our Approach l Handheld is a “Personal Universal Controller” (PUC) l Two-way communication l Appliance describes its functions l Handheld PUC l Automatically creates interface l Controls the appliance l Displays feedback about appliance status l Handheld is a “Personal Universal Controller” (PUC) l Two-way communication l Appliance describes its functions l Handheld PUC l Automatically creates interface l Controls the appliance l Displays feedback about appliance status Specifications Control Feedback

27. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon27 Automatic Generation of UIs l Benefits l All interfaces consistent for a user l With conventions of the handheld l Even from multiple manufacturers l Addresses hotel alarm clock problem l Can take into account user preferences l Multiple modalities (GUI + Speech UI) l A Hard Problem l Previous automatic systems have not generated high quality interfaces l Benefits l All interfaces consistent for a user l With conventions of the handheld l Even from multiple manufacturers l Addresses hotel alarm clock problem l Can take into account user preferences l Multiple modalities (GUI + Speech UI) l A Hard Problem l Previous automatic systems have not generated high quality interfaces

28. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon28 Research Challenges 1. Automatic Design of Graphical User Interfaces 2. Automatic Design of Speech User Interfaces 3. Connection with real devices l Through various protocols l X-10, AV/C, HAVi, UPnP, etc. l Also, custom hardware and software 1. Automatic Design of Graphical User Interfaces 2. Automatic Design of Speech User Interfaces 3. Connection with real devices l Through various protocols l X-10, AV/C, HAVi, UPnP, etc. l Also, custom hardware and software

29. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon29 Hand-Generated Graphical Interfaces l First, Hand-Designed PocketPC interfaces: l AIWA Shelf Stereo (Tape,CD,Tuner) l AT&T Telephone/Answering Machine l Used Embedded Visual Basic l Ensured quality with heuristic analysis and think-aloud studies l Compared with manufacturer’s interfaces l First, Hand-Designed PocketPC interfaces: l AIWA Shelf Stereo (Tape,CD,Tuner) l AT&T Telephone/Answering Machine l Used Embedded Visual Basic l Ensured quality with heuristic analysis and think-aloud studies l Compared with manufacturer’s interfaces

30. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon30 Results of Comparison l Using PUC, users took 50% less time & made 50% fewer errors l All differences are significant (p < 0.05) l Using PUC, users took 50% less time & made 50% fewer errors l All differences are significant (p < 0.05)

31. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon31 Current PUC Specification Language l XML l Full documentation for the specification language and protocol: http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/puc/ l Contains sample specification for a stereo l XML l Full documentation for the specification language and protocol: http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/puc/ l Contains sample specification for a stereo

32. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon32 Properties of PUC Language l State variables & commands l Each can have multiple labels l Useful when not enough room l Typed variables l Base types: Boolean, string, enumerated, integers, fixed-point, floating-point, etc. l Optional labels for values l Hierarchical Structure l Groups l State variables & commands l Each can have multiple labels l Useful when not enough room l Typed variables l Base types: Boolean, string, enumerated, integers, fixed-point, floating-point, etc. l Optional labels for values l Hierarchical Structure l Groups

33. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon33 Dependency Information l Crucial for high-quality interfaces l Expressed as clauses l Operations: l Equals, Less-Than, Greater-Than l Combined Logically l AND, OR l Used for: l Dynamic graying out l Layout l Widget selection l Crucial for high-quality interfaces l Expressed as clauses l Operations: l Equals, Less-Than, Greater-Than l Combined Logically l AND, OR l Used for: l Dynamic graying out l Layout l Widget selection

34. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon34 Specifications l Have working specifications for: l Audiophase stereo l X-10 lights control l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Audio ReQuest hardware MP3 player l WinAmp Media Player l Elevator l Have working specifications for: l Audiophase stereo l X-10 lights control l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Audio ReQuest hardware MP3 player l WinAmp Media Player l Elevator

35. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon35 Examples of Generated GUIs l Stereo and X-10

36. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon36 More Examples l Elevator Outside Inside l Elevator Outside Inside

37. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon37 Generating Speech Interfaces l “Universal Speech Interface” (USI) project l Prof. Roni Rosenfeld of CMU l http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~usi l Creates grammar, language model and pronunciation dictionary from PUC specification l Pronunciation from labels using phonetic rules l Can provide other pronunciations as labels for fine-tuning l Will use dependency information to help with disambiguation and explanation l Supports queries and spoken feedback l Paraphrases as confirmation l “Universal Speech Interface” (USI) project l Prof. Roni Rosenfeld of CMU l http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~usi l Creates grammar, language model and pronunciation dictionary from PUC specification l Pronunciation from labels using phonetic rules l Can provide other pronunciations as labels for fine-tuning l Will use dependency information to help with disambiguation and explanation l Supports queries and spoken feedback l Paraphrases as confirmation

38. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon38 Adaptors l “Adaptors” provide the interface to existing (and future) appliances l If do not support specification language directly l Custom hardware l Audiophase Stereo l Custom software l ARQ MP3 player l SIMA MP3 player (future) l X-10 l Light switches, etc. l “Adaptors” provide the interface to existing (and future) appliances l If do not support specification language directly l Custom hardware l Audiophase Stereo l Custom software l ARQ MP3 player l SIMA MP3 player (future) l X-10 l Light switches, etc. l AV/C (standard protocol) l Sony CamCorder l PlayStation, etc. (future) l HAVi (current work) l Mitsubishi HDTV 65” TV l Mitsubishi HDTV VCR l UPnP (future) l ??

39. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon39 Adaptor for AV/C Hand-written spec of AV/C devices PUC Java Proxy Our Java device code Our C++ code Microsoft DirectShow library AV/C protocol Firewire cable (IEEE 1394) PUC Java Library Automatic GUI generation Digital Video Camera or VCR Multiple device controllers Automatic Speech UI generation

40. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon40 Demonstration l X-10 l Camcorder through AV/C protocol for IEEE 1394 (Firewire) l Two way communication: l When state changes from appliance, GUI is updated and can query state with speech l X-10 l Camcorder through AV/C protocol for IEEE 1394 (Firewire) l Two way communication: l When state changes from appliance, GUI is updated and can query state with speech

41. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon41 Future Work on PUC l Controlling User “Experiences” l One command for multiple devices l Play a DVD  sets DVD, cable, TV l Setting alarm clock  sets heat, coffee, car l Consistency for Users l And user preferences l More devices l General Motors automobiles l Etc. l Controlling User “Experiences” l One command for multiple devices l Play a DVD  sets DVD, cable, TV l Setting alarm clock  sets heat, coffee, car l Consistency for Users l And user preferences l More devices l General Motors automobiles l Etc.

42. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon42 For More Information l Many papers on the Pebbles web site l On PUC and other work l Most programs available for free downloading: l SlideShow Commander was licensed for commercial sale l Many papers on the Pebbles web site l On PUC and other work l Most programs available for free downloading: l SlideShow Commander was licensed for commercial sale http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles http://www.slideshowcommander.com 

43. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon43 Conclusions l As more and more electronics are computerized and communicating, mobile devices can help control them l Handheld devices can improve the user interfaces of everything else l Not just be another gadget to be learned l As more and more electronics are computerized and communicating, mobile devices can help control them l Handheld devices can improve the user interfaces of everything else l Not just be another gadget to be learned

44. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon44 Thanks to Pebbles Students l This research performed by a large number of students since 1997: Rishi Bhatnagar Ben Bostwick Franklin Chen Yu Shan Chuang Karen Cross Carl Evankovich Marc Khadpe Dave Kong Chun-Kwok Lee Joonhwan Lee Jennifer Li Leo Lie Jack Lin Kevin Litwack A. Chris Long Rob Miller Jeff Nichols Choon Hong Peck Mathilde Pignol Herbert Stiel Marsha Tjandra Adrienne Warmack Jake Wobbrock Jerry Yang Sunny Yang Brian Yeung

45. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon45 Thanks to Our Sponsors! The Pebbles research project is supported by grants from: DARPA Microsoft NSF Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse General Motors And equipment grants from: Hewlett Packard Lucent Technologies Mitsubishi Palm Computing Symbol Technologies The Pebbles research project is supported by grants from: DARPA Microsoft NSF Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse General Motors And equipment grants from: Hewlett Packard Lucent Technologies Mitsubishi Palm Computing Symbol Technologies IBM SMART Technologies VividLogic Synergy Solutions Handango

46. Handheld Devices for Control Brad A. Myers Jeffrey Nichols, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Kevin Litwack, Michael Higgins, Joe Hughes, Thomas K. Harris, Roni Rosenfeld, Mathilde Pignol bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles Brad A. Myers Jeffrey Nichols, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Kevin Litwack, Michael Higgins, Joe Hughes, Thomas K. Harris, Roni Rosenfeld, Mathilde Pignol bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University

47. Black, followed by OLD

48. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon48 Discussion of Comparison l Our hand designed interfaces succeeded for several reasons l Good organization l Each button has one function l Good labels l Only available functions are active l Others, hidden on tabs or grayed out l Better feedback and error messages l Our hand designed interfaces succeeded for several reasons l Good organization l Each button has one function l Good labels l Only available functions are active l Others, hidden on tabs or grayed out l Better feedback and error messages

49. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon49 PUC Architecture

50. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon50 Adaptor using Custom Hardware for Stereo l Pretends to send IR codes l Reads LED panel signals to decode state l Created by Pittsburgh company: Maya Design l Pretends to send IR codes l Reads LED panel signals to decode state l Created by Pittsburgh company: Maya Design