Y-Comm: A new architecture for heterogeneous networking

Y-Comm: A new architecture for heterogeneous networking
Glenford Mapp Principal Lecturer, Middlesex University & Visiting Research Fellow Computer Lab, University of Cambridge

Outline Motivation – defining the problem
Our approach – looking at a solution Y-Comm – a new architecture The Peripheral Framework The Core Framework Security in Y-Comm Research Collaboration Questions

Network Evolution The proliferation of wireless systems at the edge of the Internet and the use of fast switching in the core. Core of the network Super-fast backbone (optical switching, etc) Fast access networks (MPLS, ATM) Peripheral Wireless Networks Errors due to fading, etc; not just congestion Handover

Handover is a serious operation
Requires co-operation between the Mobile Node and the Network A source of performance degradation Needs to be carefully handled to be successful Handover Types Horizontal handover – studied extensively Vertical Handover – needs to be investigated in order to support heterogeneous networking

Key Components of Vertical Handover
Handover mechanisms How to do vertical handover with minimal disruption Policy management Deciding when and where to do a vertical handover Input triggers, states and events How to get the data the system needs to make a decision on whether to do a handover

Cambridge Wireless Testbed
Built in 2003 to study vertical handover By Leo Patanapongpibul and Pablo Vidales Used an experimental 3G/GPRS network developed by Vodafone Used MIPv6 – connected to 6Bone b networks and an IPv6 wired network Various end devices Fixed machines, laptops and iPAQs

Equipment and Goals Client-based solution for horizontal handovers
MIPv6 performance during vertical handovers Improvements to vertical handover latency Policy-based solution to provide mobility support Policy-based solution to support multiple interfaces QoS-based vertical mobility Context-aware algorithms Mobile Node Correspondent Node Home Agent Access Router to live Vodafone GPRS network Other MNs

Cambridge Wireless Testbed

Testbed Monitor

Key Publications : available from: http://www. cl. cam. ac
L. Patanapongpibul, G .Mapp, A. Hopper, An End System Approach to Mobility Management for 4G Networks and its Application to Thin-Client Computing, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, ACM July 2006 P. Vidales, J. Baliosian, J. Serrat, G. Mapp, F. Stajano, A. Hopper, Autonomic Systems for Mobility Support in 4G Networks. Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (J-SAC), Special Issue in Autonomic Communications (4th Quarter), December 2005. D.Cottingham and P. Vidales, Is Latency the Real Enemy of Next Generation Networks, First International Workshop on Convergence of Heterogeneous Networks, July 2005 P. Vidales, R. Chakravorty, C. Policroniades, PROTON: A Policy-based Solution for Future 4G devices. 5th. IEEE International Workshop on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (IEEE POLICY 2004), June 2004 L. B. Patanapongpibul, G. Mapp, A Client-based Handoff Mechanism for Mobile IPv6 Wireless Networks. 8th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), IEEE Computer Society Press, June 2003.

A Complete System for Heterogeneous Networking
In order to build a complete system that Does seamless vertical handover Is extensible – seamlessly adds new technology Is easy to develop new applications Requires a lot of work Can’t do this from scratch Need to also look at what other people are doing Ambient networks, etc IEEE , etc

A New Framework is needed
Why? Need to consider a lot of issues Issues not covered by present reference models such as the OSI model A way to think about building a complete system Bring together different research efforts

The OSI Model ENDPOINT NETWORK ENDPOINT APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER SESSION LAYER SESSION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER NETWORK LAYER NETWORK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER ENDPOINT NETWORK ENDPOINT

Specifying the New Framework
Layered approach of the OSI model Encase functionality in terms of layers Can give a good hierarchical but modular model We know that the layered approach has its problems This is a reference not an implementation specification – so it is possible to squash layers together when implementing a real system Need to be flexible

We Need Two Not One! A framework for the Peripheral network
Represented by software running on the mobile node, supports: Applications, QoS, Vertical Handover, support for several interfaces A framework for the Core network Represented by software running in the core network, supports Programmable infrastructure, network management, QoS, Service Platform

The Y-Comm Framework CORE NETWORK PERIPHERAL NETWORK SERVICE PLATFORM
APPLICATION ENVIRONMENTS SERVICE PLATFORM QOS LAYER NETWORK QOS LAYER END SYSTEM TRANSPORT CORE TRANSPORT POLICY MANAGEMENT NETWORK MANAGEMENT VERTICAL HANDOVER (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER NETWORK ABSTRACTION (MOBILE NODE) NETWORK ABSTRACTION (BASE STATION) HARDWARE PLATFORM (MOBILE NODE) HARDWARE PLATFORM (BASE STATION)

The Peripheral Framework
APPLICATION ENVIRONMENTS LAYER QOS LAYER END TRANSPORT SYSTEM POLICY MANAGEMENT LAYER VERTICAL HANDOVER LAYER NETWORK ABSTRACTION LAYER HARDWARE PLATFORM LAYER

Layer 1: Hardware Platform Layer
Defines the physical requirements for a particular wired or wireless technology Expanded physical layer Includes electromagnetic spectrum Modulation and channel reservation algorithms Incompatibility issues Two technologies may be incompatible and cannot be used simultaneously

Hardware Platform Layer Represented as Vertical Components
3G WLAN 802.11 WiMax 802.16 UltraWideBand

But all this is about to change!
Need to make more efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum Cognitive Radio A radio that is aware of and can sense its environment, learn from its environment, and adjust its operation according to some objective function

Cognitive Radio (CR) Technology Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Wide spectrum receiver Do the processing in real-time Intelligent Signal Processing (ISP) Allows it to detect interference and move to another part of the spectrum Ideal cognitive Radio – Mitola Radio > 2030 Mitola radio uses CR as the physical layer of a communications model That’s why CR is part of Y-Comm

Cognitive Radio SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 3G WLAN WiMax UltrawideBand
INTELLIGENT SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO WIDE SPECTRUM REECIVER

Layer 2: Network Abstraction layer
An abstraction that allows us to define, control and manage any wireless network on a mobile host Key issues: data path functions; data formats (Link-layer), turning features on and off Need to generate L2 triggers when a new network is detected or when an old network is no longer detectable Build on

802.21: Key Services Link Layer Triggers Network Information
Overview 802.21: Key Services MIH Function Protocol and Device Hardware Applications (VoIP/RTP) Connection Management WLAN Cellular WMAN L2 Triggers and Events Information Service Mobility Management Protocols Smart Triggers Handover Messages Handover Management Handover Policy IEEE IETF Link Layer Triggers State Change Predictive Network Initiated Network Information Available Networks Neighbor Maps Network Services Handover Commands Client Initiated Vertical Handovers uses multiple services to Optimize Vertical Handovers

Layer 3: Vertical Handover Layer
Layers that define the mechanism for vertical handover. Support for different types Network-based Client-based

Client-Based Handover
More scalable for heterogeneous networks Mobile node can monitor the status of all its network interfaces via the network abstraction layer Can take into account other factors such as the state of TCP connections Don’t want to do a handover during the start and termination of TCP connections

Layer 4: Policy Management layer
Decides if, when and where vertical handover should occur. Different types: Reactive Depends on L2 events that inform the mobile node when it is entering or leaving a network. Proactive The mobile node can know or estimate the network state at a given point before it arrives at that point

Reactive Policy: PROTON
HIGHER LAYERS Interface Information L2 Triggers INPUT/OUTPUT LAYER POLICY LAYER (PONDER) HANDOVER EXECUTION LAYER LAN WLAN GPRS

Layer 4: Proactive Policies
Proactive Policy Management The mobile node can know or estimate the network state at a given point before it arrives at that point Proactive Policies allow us to maximize the use of available channels provided you know the amount of time a channel will be available. That time is known as: Time before vertical handover (TBVH) Can significantly reduce packet loss during all vertical handovers

Layer 4: Proactive policies
Proactive policies can themselves be divided into 2 types Proactive knowledge-based systems Knowledge of which local wireless networks are operating at a given location and their strengths at that point We also need a system to maintain the integrity, accessibility and security of that data

Proactive Policies Knowledge-based approach
Gather a database of the field strengths for each network around Cambridge Need to maintain the database and also know how the results might be affected by seasonal effects

Knowledge-Based Policy Management (Cambridge)

Proactive Policies – Modelling Approach (Middlesex)
Using a simple mathematical model Define a radius at which handover should occur Find out how much time I have before I hit that circle, given my velocity and direction Calculate TBVH Used simulation (OPNET) Can be used in the real world as well as in simulation

Predictive Mathematical Model for TBVH (Simple Case)
Movement of MS under BBS coverage (upward vertical handoff) Introduction of additional functionality to Base Station at network boundary (BBS). Distance between MS and BBS derived from location co-ordinates or Estimated TBVH

Simulation and Results
TBVH simulation in OPNET Modeler:

Layer 5: End User Transport System
Specifies how data is routed to individual hosts and transport protocols for error correction, reliability and Quality-of-Service requirements Encompasses Layer 3 and Layer 4 in the OSI model Different approaches Keep the same protocols as in the core network Keep TCP/IP, but modify TCP Don’t modify TCP but try to get it to respond more quickly to network outages Try a completely new protocol suite

Layer 5: Continued Keep TCP/IP Unmodified
Leads to sub-optimum performance. TCP assumes packet loss is only due to congestion and goes into slow start. Work on the Cambridge Testbed indicates to the slow adaptation rate of TCP after vertical handover is a cause for concern Need to fit the TCP protocol engine with triggers

Layer 5: Slow Adaptation of TCP After LAN->GPRS Handover

Layer 5: Continued Keep TCP/IP but modify TCP
I-TCP, M-TCP TCP Extensions for Immediate Retransmissions (Internet Draft) Don’t modify TCP but build mechanisms so that it could respond more quickly to media outages Smart Link Layer (Scott and Mapp 2003)

Layer 5: The case for a new transport Infrastructure
A new transport system could be more suited for wireless networking Do all machines have to have an IP address to use the Internet? No.. Look at Network Address Translation (NAT) Translation is done between a private address and port to a global address and port at the NAT server

Layer 5: Continued A global IP address in the case of NAT is really being used as an endpoint in the core network So we can use another network scheme in the peripheral network once we can specify how we map it to TCP/IP or UDP/IP in the core network

Layer 5: Application Conformance
You don’t want to recompile all your applications for this new framework Concept of a TCP protocol interface Key idea is that TCP becomes an interface so that the TCP engine forms an overlay above the actual protocol running in the network. So the application thinks it’s running TCP/IP but there is another protocol “under the hood”.

Layer 5: TCP as a Protocol Interface in Peripheral Networks but a real protocol in the Core Network
APPLICATION APPLICATION Core Network TCP Overlay TCP Overlay Local protocol Local protocol TCP/IP Core Network Peripheral Network Peripheral Network

Layer 6: QoS Layer QoS is the most dynamically changing component in heterogeneous networking Applications running on heterogeneous devices need support to handle this Two Concepts of QoS Downward QoS Upward QoS

Layer 6: Downward QoS Mainly to support legacy applications
The application specifies a minimum QoS and the QoS layer does the mapping between the QoS that the application requires and the QoS that is currently available - but is dynamically changing

Layer 6: Upward QoS For applications that should adapt to changes in QoS, e.g. Multimedia services, etc The QoS layer therefore signals the application using an event mechanism to indicate changes in the available QoS Applications can specify routines that will be called when the events occur Similar to the X Window System

QoS Layer DOWNWARD QOS UPWARD QOS APPLICATION LAYER APPLICATION LAYER
END TRANSPORT LAYER END TRANSPORT LAYER POLICY MANAGEMENT LAYER POLICY MANAGEMENT LAYER

Layer 7: Application Environment Layer
Allows users to build applications using this framework Keen on using the Toolkit approach which allows us to build different application environments for different situations e.g. an application environment for highly mobile video applications, etc.

Layer 7: Toolkit Approach Application Environment 1
High-Mobile, Multimedia Vehicular Applications FRAMEWORK OBJECTS PROACTIVE Handover Unreliable Transport Upward QoS Location Services (GPS) Reliable Transport REACTIVE Handover Downward QoS Application Environment 2 Touring Applications; Web access via cheap mobile phone

The Y-Comm Framework Half-way there! Let’s stop for questions
CORE NETWORK PERIPHERAL NETWORK APPLICATION ENVIRONMENTS SERVICE PLATFORM QOS LAYER NETWORK QOS LAYER END SYSTEM TRANSPORT CORE TRANSPORT POLICY MANAGEMENT NETWORK MANAGEMENT VERTICAL HANDOVER (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER NETWORK ABSTRACTION (MOBILE NODE) NETWORK ABSTRACTION (BASE STATION) HARDWARE PLATFORM (MOBILE NODE) HARDWARE PLATFORM (BASE STATION)

Do we really need the Core Framework?
Yes To support the Peripheral networks you need to change For client-based handover we need to have access to network resources Need a more open architecture But we also need an open architecture for other reasons

Open Management Needed
More diversified networks needed Present mobile networks are built on a national or international level: - just like the old state-owned telecom companies such as BT Difficult to really produce more tailored networks such as regional networks or city-wide networks Spectrum management Spectrum sold nationally to an operator who ran a service Not interested in small or regional networks Reversal in spectrum allocation Now Ofcom is willing to allow more unlicensed bands

RFEye from CRFS Cambridge
Ofcom will be able to monitor The use of spectrum in real-time Used to be expensive but new technology from a company called CRFS will make these units cheap. RFEye Develop a database of spectrum use

So the question is who is really making money from mobile systems at the moment?? The answer: Very few people Vodafone, T-Mobile Spent loads of money on spectrum, they need to grow bigger to recoup the money spent These companies are highly vertical institutions Same company does hardware, manage the network and also run or tailor most applications

More niche players Let different players provide different components of the network but everyone needs to agree on a new framework and related standards Compare this to what happened with the PC industry

1960’s – 1980’s Main Frame or Minicomputer Dominated by IBM and DEC 1978 Altair the first micro-processor Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote Basic compiler 1982 The IBM PC released and that changed the world

Why did the IBM PC changed the world
It allowed third parties to get involved and therefore allowing a mature industry to develop with many niche/specialist players Visicalc, Eudora, etc Because of DOS A broken but open operating system But it was the standard Allowed new people to write applications You didn’t have to be IBM or DEC Also made PC affordable The same thing has to happen in the Mobile Industry

Three recent developments
Open Handset Alliance (OHA) Founded by Google with 34 founding members Google contributing Android An operating system based on Linux First GPhone about to be released Verizon – a large Telco Allow third party devices onto their network FCC Moving towards a device-agnostic spectrum policy So third party devices would become the norm

The Core Framework (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER SERVICE PLATFORM LAYER
NETWORK QOS LAYER NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEM NETWORK MANAGEMENT LAYER (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER NETWORK ABSTRACTION LAYER HARDWARE PLATFORM LAYER

Hardware Platform Layer Represented as Vertical Components – separate base stations
3G WLAN 802.11 WiMax 802.16 UltraWideBand

Cognitive Radio will change this as it will all be done in the same box
SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 3G WLAN WiMax UltrawideBand INTELLIGENT SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO RFEye -> unified base-station WIDE SPECTRUM REECIVER

Network Abstraction Layer
Again similar to Peripheral Network Abstraction that abstracts a number of different wireless technologies Also includes base-station controller functions Extension of Exportable interface so that the base-station can be remotely controlled Monitoring and reporting functions

(Re)configurable Layer
Controls core infrastructure including routers and switches Programmable hardware Routelets and Switchlets Already used internally in network equipment but not exported to external systems especially end-devices The concept of the programmable network hardware began with XBind From the Comet Group led by Aurel Lazar (Columbia University, New York)

Xbind So the big idea of Xbind is that we could use it as a kernel and virtualize network infrastructure through the broadband Kernel Layers of XBind Applications (WWW Server) Services (e.g. Multimedia services – video conf) Broadband Kernel – Management Plane Binding Interface – Abstraction of real Hardware Real Hardware

XBind – The Layers APPLICATIONS Multimedia Web Services
MULTIMEDIA SERVICES Video Conf Manager BROADBAND KERNEL (High Level Abstraction and Service) Device Management, Connection Manager, Router Binding Interface Base (BIB) Virtual Switch, Virtual Link, Camera device driver, Display device driver Hardware (Real Devices and Real Network) Camera, Computers, Links, Adapters, Displays

Extension of Key X-Bind Ideas
Since we can control the hardware virtually using software, the hardware and the software need not be in the same box Make the hardware box only understand the interface Talk to the box over a serial link using a computer Control software runs on the computer

X-BIND: The extensions
MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF CONNECTIONS SERIAL LINE RAW ATM SWITCH VCI OPERATION

OpenArch and OpenSig You need a management protocol to manage the switch You also need a signalling protocol You need to agree on the format of the commands that go across your serial line Two forums were established to do this OpenArch – management plane OpenSig – for signalling

Why do we need it now? We have never had open interfaces for mobile systems Base-stations, BSC, MSC, etc Because we need resources to do vertical handover, especially for client-based handover We have to get those resources from the network Channels on base-stations, QoS, etc

Vertical Handover Polling CORE NETWORK 3G WLAN WiMax 3G WLAN WiMax GPS
Location, Speed, direction Connections (QoS) TBVH New QoS New IP Polling CORE NETWORK Done NETWORK MANAGEMENT LAYER Send to Mobile TOPOLOGY, RESOURCES, QoS POLICY MANAGEMENT LAYER DECISION HANDOVER (BASE-STATION, 3G, QOS, TBVH) DO IT RECONFIGURABLE LAYER ACQUIRE CHANNEL (3G, BASE-STATION, QOS) VERTICAL HANDOVER LAYER ACQUIRE RESOURCES ( 3GCHAN, BASE-STATION, QOS) DO IT NETWORK ABSTRACTION LAYER BASE-STATION NETWORK ABSTRACTION LAYER DATA CHANNNEL = 3G 3G=ACTIVE WLAN=PASSIVE WiMAX= PASSIVE CHANNEL ACQUIRED L2 events Media Info 3G WLAN WiMax 3G WLAN WiMax

Handover is complicated
ALTERNATIVE IMPERATIVE NETPREF SERVICES REACTIVE USERPREF CONTEXT PROACTIVE UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED MODEL-BASED KNOWLEDGE-BASED

Need an Ontology for Vertical Handover
Helps us to structure the information so that the system could reason and take decisions ICMC, USP – strong in this area Edson Moreira, Renata Vanni and others Reason for my recent visit to Brazil in summer 2008

The Network Management Layer
Defines and controls several networks Each network is controlled by a network operator Support for network virtualization and partitioning Several networks managed by different network operators but on the same extended hardware platform Will facilitate regional or city-wide operators

Network Management What we want
Networks to be managed in a flexible way An interface that defines and manages an entire network in terms of programmable components, including switchlets, routelets, etc. i.e. network virtualization using software abstraction to control the network Create new networks (spawning) Merge and partition networks

(RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER
NETWORK MANAGEMENT HIGH-LEVEL FUNCTIONS Network Topologies Network Resources CREATE MODIFY MERGE JOIN NETWORK 1 NETWORK 2 NETWORK 3 NETWORK 4 (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER Network Components

Core Transport System Concerned about moving data between points in the core network TCP/IP is the Transport and Network protocols for the Internet Migration of IPv4 to IPv6 Important for the new framework Need enhancements Easier mechanisms to support security VPNs, Tunnelling, etc

Core Transport in Y-Comm
PERIPHERAL WIRELESS NETWORK CORE NETWORK QoS, Secure Connection PERIPHERAL WIRELESS NETWORK Core Endpoints In Access Network

Core Transport: Making Connections between Core Endpoints
Make connection Between Wireless Networks CORE TRANSPORT LAYER ENDP1, ENDP2, QoS Routing, Security NETWORK MANAGEMENT LAYER

Network QoS Layer Most of the QoS issues are now in the Peripheral Network Current End-to End QoS models IntServ Largely abandoned DiffServ Slow deployment Need to explore network QoS models Negotiation structure between Core Network and Peripheral Networks

Enhance QoS Functionality
Negotiating with Peripheral Networks CORE NETWORK QOS ENDPT1 ENDPT2 ENDPT3 PER FLOW (IntServ), PER CLASS (Diffserv)

Service Platform Services developed by third parties
Should be able to configure services on several networks at the same time Support for installing services for specific types of networks London travel service available to networks around London

SERVICE PLATFORM LAYER
Installation Install over many networks simultaneously Specifying QoS (minimum SLA) Server Advertisement and Subscription Session management Interaction between server and application running on the mobile node Supporting Mobility How is QoS maintained even though the mobile is moving Server replication, proxy server support

Service Platform and Core Network
Server Advertisement Subscription Applications SERVICE PLATFORM LAYER Negotiating with Peripheral Networks CORE NETWORK QOS SLA1 SLA2 SLA3 SLA 4 ENDPT1 ENDPT2 ENDPT3 ……. PER FLOW (IntServ), PER CLASS (Diffserv)

Need to Address Security
Cannot be a separate Layer in the architecture as there are different kinds of security issues Y-Comm defines a 4-layer security architecture Comprehensive Design Security system is integrated into the structure of Y-Comm

Security in Y-Comm Network Architecture Security (NAS)
Security dealing with the deployment and management of different wireless technology Managed from the Policy and Management layers Network Transport Security (NTS) Security dealing with end-to-end transport through Y-Comm Done at Layer 5, NAT, IPSec, etc QoS Based Security (QBS) Look at QoS Issues Looks at SLAs, prevents overloading Looks at Denial of Service Attacks Service and Application Security (SAS) Security dealing with running applications and deploying services AAAC, ACLs, User-based security

The Y-Comm Framework showing its Security Levels- New Security Level
CORE NETWORK PERIPHERAL NETWORK APPLICATION ENVIRONMENTS SAS SERVICE PLATFORM QOS LAYER QBS NETWORK QOS LAYER END SYSTEM TRANSPORT NTS CORE TRANSPORT NAS POLICY MANAGEMENT NETWORK MANAGEMENT VERTICAL HANDOVER (RE)CONFIGURATION LAYER NETWORK ABSTRACTION (MOBILE NODE) NETWORK ABSTRACTION (BASE STATION) HARDWARE PLATFORM (MOBILE NODE) HARDWARE PLATFORM (BASE STATION)

Research Collaboration
Y-Comm is really too big to be done by one person or one group Building a global research network to study Y-Comm Not trying to implement everything Using the effort and experience of others A number of IEEE Working Groups 802.21,

Group so far.. University of Cambridge Middlesex University
Proactive knowledge- based policy mechanisms for handover (David Cottingham) Network issues around changing IP (Jon Crowcroft) QoS-aware middleware services (Aisha El-safty) Middlesex University Mathematical modelling of vertical handover (TBVH) and the Stream Bundle Layer for Downward QoS (Fatema Shaikh) Transport protocol and network architecture issues in Peripheral networks (Glenford Mapp)

Group so far Dartmouth College (USA) St Andrews University?
University of Sao Paulo (ICMC San Carlos) Ontological services for vertical handover SoHand Middleware (Edson Moreira and Renata Vanni) University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT) Service platform for Y-Comm (Wayne Butcher) Loughborough University Security Framework in Y-Comm (Raphael Phan) Dartmouth College (USA) Intelligent Physical Spaces(Andrew Campbell) St Andrews University?

Lots of Interaction Y-Comm Forum Day
2nd one was held on 2nd July at Cambridge Building a global research network is new Visit to Brazil:- key to establishing global collaboration Journal Paper on Y-Comm Submitted to IEEE/ACM TON URL for Y-Comm White Papers

New Plans at Middlesex Develop a small Y-Comm testbed at Middlesex
Go further than the Cambridge Testbed Include Industrial Partners Vodafone, CRFS Limited, Univirtua Involve the MUBS Look for a new business model for Y-Comm Host the Y-Comm Research Web Page

Any Questions?

Y-Comm: A new architecture for heterogeneous networking

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