1. Camera Auto Focus Group W1 Tom Goff Dave Hwang Kate Killfoile Greg Look Design Manager: Bowei Gai Final Presentation, April 30 th, 2007 Project Objective: Design a low-power, small autofocus chip for use in camera or other hand-held device

2. 1.Market 2.Algorithm 3.Architecture 4.Verification 5.Layout 6.Conclusion and questions Agenda

3. The Market

4. Target market Camera manufacturers –Digital –Video –Security 82 million cameras expected to be sold in 2007 $18 billion industry

5. Autofocus methods ActivePassive Analyze image Focus

6. Passive vs. active ProsCons Active Able to focus in the dark Focus with little contrast High power Fooled by reflection and interference Limited range Passive Faster and more accurate Bigger range Less power Hard to fool Cannot focus in the dark High contrast needed

7. Where our chip fits in Our Chip 18-525 Implementation

8. Why hardware? Software solutions are slow Software rule logic uses memory –Less room for pictures! Software computation draws power –Shorter battery life

9. Why our chip? Adaptability to any camera and lens No calibration methods needed Large market –Most commercial digital cameras use passive focus Customizable –Rule values can be adjusted

10. Current industry Size –10 mm x 10mm x 5 mm dimensions Power –5 mW minimum industry standard Speed –Only need to be faster than motor –High end digital cameras: 60 fps –High end video camera: 3000 fps –Speed floor at 3 kHz

11. Design goals Size Goal 100,000 um 2 Power Goal < 5 mW Speed Goal 100 kHz

12. Our Algorithm

13. Our algorithm 2 main inputs to our chip : di – % change in “sharpness” ag – Average grey level 0.40.71 Z S M B 0 di 1 64 127255 NB 0 ag 1 191 NSNPZPSPB

14. Range of di and ag Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 6 + Motor Output % match weighted constant x % match weighted constant x % match weighted constant x ag di Our algorithm 0.40.71 Z S M B 0 di 1 64 127255 NB 0 ag 1 191 NSNPZPSPB

15. Translation to hardware Floating point multiplier and adder –Series of summed products –Internal floating point format Only used 1 multiplier and adder –Benefit: reduced size –Cost: reduced speed Low power components –Low power full adder –Pass logic

16. Architecture

17. System architecture

18. Floorplan evolution

19. Input Registers Delta-I Preprocessor AG Preprocessor Rule Logic Integer to Floating Point Units Data Staging Registers Rule Selection Muxes Three-Input Floating Point Multiplier Floating Point AdderAccumulation and Output Registers Power Logic Signal flow

20. SERF full adder 10 transistors Proven low-power design Weak output in some cases

21. Carry-save multiplier Fewer full adders Compact design (0.437 density) Speed not an issue

22. Floating point adder Handles de-normalized numbers Does not round Determines leading zeroes with combinational logic

23. Floating Point Compare Swap Muxes Exponent Comparison Exponent Normalization Greg Adjust B Significand Add Significands Significand Normalization Floating point adder

24. Floating point multiplier Reuses some submodules from the adder Three inputs means savings on exponent combination and normalization logic

25. Floating point multiplier Norm 1 Integer multiplier Combine exponents Integer multiplier Norm 2

26. Verification

27. C implementationVerilog Verification procedure

28. Exhaustive testing Compared C implementation with Verilog : 0.000724 error rate!

29. Layout verification Hierarchical testing of modules Compared against expected schematic output –Edge cases –Generic cases di 0.40.71 Z S M B 0 di 1 64 127255 NB 0 ag 1 191 NSNPZPSPB ag

30. Layout

31. Layer masks

32. Specifications Inputs di10 bit ag8 bit enable1 bit reset1 bit clk1 bit Outputs motor_out10 bit 33 pins total Area206 x 187 = 38,689 μm 2 # of transistors pmos: 4,948 nmos: 5,846 Total: 10,794 Density0.279 Aspect ratio1.099 Clock speed666 MHz Throughput10 MHz (max speed) Power0.977 mW

33. Conclusion Advise caution with shared libraries Floor planning is super important Test, test, and more test at every stage Solve problems early

34. Questions?

35. Global simulation

36. ag simulation

37. di simulation