1. Determining Textual Authenticity n Comparison with original n Use of recordings n Comparisons of all texts Slide 6.1

2. Detecting Authorship r External reports r Comparisons with other communication Slide 6.2

3. Difficulties Applying the Truth Criterion n Difficulty determining the truth n Even dreadful messages often tell the truth Slide 6.3

4. Difficulties Applying the Ethical Criterion n Difficulty identifying intentions n Difficulty choosing ethical standards n Ignoring artistic merit Slide 6.4

5. Difficulties Applying the Results Criterion n Difficulty identifying effects n Difficulty linking effects to messages n Immorality endorsed if it gets results Slide 6.5