1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Note to Instructor: The following “Basic PowerPoint slides” provide an extensive collection of figures, tables, core concepts, & key terms corresponding to Chapter 13 in Psychology in Action (9e). (If you prefer slides that contain additional photos, embedded links to the World Wide Web, and specific Wiley owned videos & animations, check out the “Enriched Power Points” available on the Instructor site at www.wiley.com/college/huffman.) www.wiley.com/college/huffman

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4. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Note to Instructor (Continued): & Active Learning Icons To further personalize & enrich your presentation, check the Psychology in Action (9e) Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/huffman for supplemental figures, tables, key terms, etc.Psychology in Action (9e) www.wiley.com/college/huffman Assessment Slides = Critical Thinking Slides = Psychology at Work Slides =

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 CHAPTER 13 Personality PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation

6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Lecture Overview Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment

7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Key Definition Personality: Unique & relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, & actions

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Trait Theories Trait: Relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone Key Figures: Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae & Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM) O penness (open to new ideas vs. conventional & narrow in interests) C onscientiousness (responsible & organized vs. irresponsible & careless) E xtroversion (sociable & talkative vs. withdrawn & quiet) A greeableness (trusting & good-natured vs. suspicious & ruthless) N euroticism (emotionally unstable & moody vs. emotionally stable & easygoing) OCEANOCEAN Study Tip: Note the first letter of each factor

10. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Psychology helps us understand personality & relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traits of openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner.

11. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM) Researchers asked over 10,000 men & women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate. They found: high degree of agreement. five-factor traits are at the top of both lists.

12. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Evaluating Trait Theories Pro: Five-factor model (FFM) helps describe & organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. Evolutionary, cross-cultural, & cross-species studies support five-factor model (FFM). Con: Lacks explanation Stability vs. change Ignores situational effects

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Does Your Personality Match Your Work?

14. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a _____. 2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, & reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor model (FFM).

15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions Early Key Figures: Founding Father--Freud Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney

16. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness Conscious: Thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures Id: Instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Ego: Rational part of psyche (reality principle) Superego: The conscience (morality principle)

18. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms: Ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality ID EGO SUPER EGO

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20. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development Oral Stage: birth-18 months Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages. At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones).

22. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Adler: Suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a “will-to-power” that can be either positive or negative

23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Jung: Proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes

24. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Horney: believed some adults experience basic anxiety due to childhood feelings of helplessness and isolation

25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories Pro: Emphasis on unconscious, intrapsychic conflicts, development of influential therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis) Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods Con: Difficult to test Overemphasizes biology & unconscious forces Inadequate evidence Sexism Lack of cross-cultural support

26. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness. 2. Briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages.

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Humanistic Theories Emphasis: Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings & thoughts) & individual feelings of basic worth. People are innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow

28. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Humanistic Theories: Rogers’ Key Concepts Key component of personality = the self, what a person defines as “I” or “me” Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept & life experiences.

29. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Unconditional Positive Regard: Love & acceptance with no contingencies attached Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued)

30. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? According to Rogers, how might this have affected your adult personality?

31. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities

32. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

33. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Evaluating Humanistic Theories Pro: Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: Naive assumptions Poor testability & inadequate evidence Narrowness

34. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Social-Cognitive Theories Social Cognitive Theories Personality reflects: individual’s interactions with the environment how people think about the world & interpret what happens to them Key Figures: Bandura & Rotter

35. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms Self-Efficacy: Person’s learned expectation of success Reciprocal Determinism: Cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality

36. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Social-Cognitive Theories: Rotter’s Key Terms Cognitive Expectancies: What people expect to happen Reinforcement Value: Degree to which people prefer one reinforcer over another Locus of Control: What people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control)

37. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Pro: Emphasizes how environment affects & is affected by individuals Meets most standards for scientific research Con: Narrow focus Ignores unconscious & emotional aspects of personality

38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences & the basic goodness of the individual. 2. Rogers believed _____ is essential to a child’s healthy personality development.

39. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Biological Theories Three major biological contributors to personality: Brain Structures Neurochemistry Genetic Factors

40. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Integrating the Perspectives Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights & contribute different proportions to personality.

41. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Personality Assessment Four methods to measure personality: Interviews Observations Objective Tests (MMPI) Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT)

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43. Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment Interviews & Observations Pro: insights Con: time consuming & expensive Projective Tests Pro: insights Con: low reliability & validity Objective Tests Pro: standardized information Con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, & inappropriate use

44. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Two Key Criteria for Test Assessment Reliability: Measure of the consistency & reproducibility of a test’s scores when test is given again Validity: Ability of a test to measure what it was designed measure

45. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Why Are Pseudo-Personality Tests So Popular? Barnum Effect: We are predisposed to accept ambiguous, general statement. (e.g., “You’re sometimes shy when meeting new people.”) Fallacy of Positive Instances: We remember confirming evidence & ignore disconfirming (e.g., Remembering certain astrological predictions & ignoring others) Self-Serving Bias: We tend to prefer flattering descriptions. (e.g., “You’re well-liked by others.”)

46. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 End of CHAPTER 13 Personality PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation