1. 11-ICAL, Aussois, June 22-25, 2009 PAn morphology in phylogenetic perspective Laurent SAGART CNRS, Paris

2. Sagart, L. (2004) The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai. Oceanic Linguistics 43,2 (2004): 411-444.

3. updated in Sagart, L. (2008) The expansion of setaria farmers in east asia: a linguistic and archaeological model. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin M, eds. Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics, 133- 157. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, London: Routledge.

4. Higher An phylogeny based on numerals PAn

5. Pathway of An settlement of Taiwan PMP PAN pitu '7' lima '5' enem '6' walu '8', Siwa '9' puluq '10' NE Formosan Malayo-Polynesian, Tai-Kadai

6. This paper Three morphological innovations

7. I. Replacement of 3rd person pronouns ► Ross (2006) ► Two reconstructible sets:

8. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*Cia ► nominative plural*Cia ► genitive singular*ni-Cia ► genitive plural *ni-a-Cia

9. The *sia set (Atayal, MP) ► nominative singular*sia ► nominative plural*sia ► genitive singular*nia ► genitive plural *nia

10. ► The *Cia set is analytical, unbalanced ► The *sia set is synthetic, balanced ► signs that phonological reduction and analogy have played a role

11. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*Cia ► nominative plural*Cia ► genitive singular*ni-Cia ► genitive plural *ni-a-Cia

12. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*Cia ► nominative plural*Cia ► genitive singular*nCia ► genitive plural *ni-a-Cia

13. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*Cia ► nominative plural*Cia ► genitive singular*nsia ► genitive plural *ni-a-Cia

14. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*sia ► nominative plural*sia ► genitive singular*nsia ► genitive plural *ni-a-Cia

15. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*sia ► nominative plural*sia ► genitive singular*nsia ► genitive plural *nsia

16. The *Cia set (Saisiat, Pazeh) ► nominative singular*sia ► nominative plural*sia ► genitive singular*nia ► genitive plural *nia

17. This sequence of changes completed after divergence of Saisiat and Pazeh

18. II. Loss of *-en in PF /perfective Patient focus perfective verbs: ► Paz, Sai, Thao, Sir: V-en ► Elsewhere: V Which is PAn ?

19. Loss of *-en ► motivation is simplification ► Perf PF verbs common in discourse ► decrease marking of common forms ► without loss of a distinction: ► no verbs marked simply with ► no verbs marked simply with

20. motivation for gain of *–en ?

21. Prohibition of *-en in PF - PERF verbs ► ► fixed after the divergence of Pazeh, Saisiat, Thao and Siraya

22. III. extension of ki- prefixation to verb roots Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) The passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma: borrowing, shared innovation or parallel development?

23. ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect N’ ► Saisiat kaehoey ‘tree, wood, brushwood’ vs. ki-kaehoey ‘gather brushwood’, ► Kanakanavu tamemi ‘sweet potato’ vs. ki-tamemi ‘gather sweet potatoes’, ► Puyuma daqi ŋ 'a share' vs. ki-daqi ŋ 'claim one's share'

24. ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’ ► Nanwang Puyuma bekas ‘to interrogate’ vs. ki-bekas ‘to get interrogated’ ► Tona Rukai avase ‘to rob’ vs. ki-avase ‘to get robbed’ ► Paiwanseqas ‘to cut’ vs. ki-seqas ‘cut oneself’ ► Rukai, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Amis, MP

25. parallel of English ‘get’ ► ► originally from Old Norse getan ‘to obtain, reach’ ► ► transitive verb taking nominals as its objects. ► ► development of ‘get V-ed’ is mid-17th c. (OED).

26. Three morphological innovations

27. This tree ► ► not fully compatible with numerals-based tree:   need to allow prohibition of *-en to happen twice (Atayalic, Enemish) ► ► but tells a very similar story:   homeland in NW Formosa   settlement of west coast precedes settlement of south and east coast   MP subgroups with SE coast.

28. Converging evidence for this scenario ► ► archaeology: west coast neolithic older than east coast neolithic ► ► Gray’s computational method (when Chinese is the sole outgroup) ► ► population genetics...?

29. Thank you for your attention